Non-Structural Carbohydrates and Catalytic Activities of Sucrose Metabolizing Enzymes in Trunks of Two Juglans Species and their Role in Heartwood Formation

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Magel ◽  
Amani Abdel-Latif ◽  
Rüdiger Hampp
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Early Winter ◽  
Heartwood Formation ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Sucrose Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
A Minor

Summary In trunks of Juglans nigra and the hybrid J. major × J. regia, the presence of non-structural carbohydrates, sucrose synthesizing and degrading enzymes, and their correlation with heartwood formation was investigated. Contents of starch and sucrose were highest in the youngest sapwood, decreased with increasing age of the tissue, and were absent in the heartwood. Pools of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose were low in the sapwood, and fructose was absent from the heartwood. Glucose transiently increased at the sapwood heartwood boundary in trunks of the hybrid. In black walnut stems, however, glucose started to accumulate within the transition zone and reached considerable amounts in the heartwood. Cold-adaptation in walnut wood was characterized by accumulation of soluble sugars. Sucrose formation was enabled by enhanced rates of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS, EC 2.4.1.14). Mid-winter starch-sugar interconversion was accompanied by increases in the activity of sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13; black walnut), or acid invertases (EC 3.2.1.26; hybrid). In the tissues undergoing heartwood formation, sucrose breakdown was enhanced from late summer until early winter. Sucrolysis was dominated by acid invertases with minor contribution of sucrose synthase. The catalytic activity of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.9), involved in the metabolization of the sucrose cleavage products, followed this seasonal trend and showed elevated activities from late summer until early winter. These data are further proof for the earlier made hypothesis (Hauch and Magel 1998) that the in situ synthesis of heartwood flavonoids relies on an interaction between primary (sucrose) and secondary metabolism. Flavonoids, however, constitute only a minor fraction in the heartwood of walnut and the bulk of heartwood phenolics seem to derive from transformation of phenolic precursors. Therefore, these recent findings together with earlier data are taken as evidence that more than one type of heartwood formation exists.

scholarly journals CHANGES IN CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS AND SUCROSE-METABOLYZING ENZYMES DURING DEVELOPING AND RIPENING IN WATERMELON

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 754f-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.M. Woods ◽  
D.G. Himelrick ◽  
R. Aynaou ◽  
G.E. Boyhan ◽  
T.M. Brasher
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Sucrose Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate

Changes in the activities of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes as related to ontogeny and ripening were studied in fruit mesocarp tissues of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai, cvs. A.U. Producer and Sweet Scarlet]. The levels of soluble sugars and the activities of sucrose synthase (SS; EC 2.4.1.13), sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14), and invertase (INV; EC 3.2.1.26) were measured. The temporal pattern of these enzymes relative to the levels of soluble sugars were similar for both cultivars. `Sweet Scarlet' was characterized by having higher INV and SPS activities, while SS activities tended to be similar in both cultivars during fruit development. During later stages of ripening, `Sweet Scarlet' tended toaccumulate reducing sugars, while `AU Producer' tended to accumulate sucrose and therefore had lower sucrose-cleaving enzyme activity. Results indicate that SPS and INV appear to play a prominent role in carbohydrate metabolism in developing and ripening tissues of watermelon.

scholarly journals Sucrose Accumulation and Related Metabolizing Enzyme Activities in Seeded and Induced Parthenocarpic Muskmelons

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 676-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyoshi Hayata ◽  
Xin-Xian Li ◽  
Yutaka Osajima
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Sucrose Accumulation ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Seedless Fruit ◽  
Sucrose Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Metabolizing Enzyme

To clarify the cause of low sucrose accumulation in seedless `Crest Earl's' netted muskmelon [Cucumis melo L. (Reticulatus Group)] fruit induced by CPPU, the activity level of sucrose metabolizing enzymes was compared between seeded and seedless fruit. CPPU promoted growth of the ovary in both pollinated and nonpollinated flowers until 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and thereafter the growth rate of nonpollinated fruit was lower than in the controls. Sucrose accumulation of seedless fruit remained lower than in seeded fruit, but there was no difference in fructose and glucose content between seeded and seedless fruit. Acid invertase activity declined sharply 20 DAA in seeded and seedless fruit, and was hardly detectable at 35 DAA, when sucrose accumulation began. Neutral invertase (NI) activity in both seeded and seedless fruit decreased from 20 DAA until 35 DAA; thereafter, NI activity in seeded fruit remained relatively constant, with a small but insignificant increase in maturity. Sucrose synthase (SS-c: sucrose cleavage direction) activity in seeded fruit decreased from 20 to 30 DAA, and then increased as fruit matured, while SS-c activity in seedless fruit did not change during development. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity in seeded fruit increased from 25 to 30 DAA and remained relatively constant until harvest. SPS activity in seedless fruit declined gradually from 30 to 45 DAA, then remained at a low level. Sucrose synthase (SS-s: sucrose synthesis direction) activity in seeded fruit increased rapidly after 30 DAA, concomitant with sucrose accumulation. In contrast, SS-s activity in seedless fruit increased only slightly after 30 DAA indicating levels of SS-s activity are closely related to sucrose accumulation in parthenocarpic seedless muskmelons. Chemical name used: [1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-3-phenylurea] (CPPU).

scholarly journals Sucrose metabolizing enzymes in cell suspension cultures of Bauhinia forficata, Curcuma zedoaria and Phaseolus vulgaris

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1085-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Ometto de Mello ◽  
Antônio Francisco de Campos Amaral ◽  
Murilo Melo
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Cell Suspension ◽  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Cell Suspension Cultures ◽  
Suspension Cultures ◽  
Curcuma Zedoaria ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Sucrose Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Bauhinia Forficata

The objective of this work was to study the activity of sucrose metabolizing enzymes in extracts of cell suspension cultures of Bauhinia forficata Link, Curcuma zedoaria Roscoe and Phaseolus vulgaris L. Invertase pathway was identified in the three studied species. Sucrose synthase pathway was also responsible for sucrose metabolism in Curcuma zedoaria and Phaseolus vulgaris cells. Activity values higher than 300 nmol min-1 mg-1 of protein were found for acid and neutral invertases, UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase in the cell extract of the three plant species. Sucrose synthase showed low activity in Bauhinia forficata cells. As sucrose concentration in the culture medium decreased, sucrose synthase activity increased in C. zedoaria and P. vulgaris cells. The glycolytic enzymes activity gradually reduced at the end of the culture period, when carbohydrate was limited.

scholarly journals Changes in Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate Metabolizing Enzymes during the Development, Maturation, and Ripening of Buttercup Squash (Cucurbita maxima D. `Delica')

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald E. Irving ◽  
Paul L. Hurst ◽  
Jonathan S. Ragg
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Developmental Growth ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

During this study, we divided the developmental growth pattern of buttercup squash into three phases: 1) early growth, from flowering up to 30 days after flowering; 2) maturation, from 30 days until 60 days after flowering (or harvest); and 3) ripening, from 60 days (or harvest) until ≈100 days after flowering. Harvest occurred at 48 days after flowering. Fruit growth (expansion), starch, and dry matter accumulation were largely completed during early growth, and there was a progressive decline in the respiration rate. Extractable activities of acid and alkaline invertases, sucrose synthase, alkaline α-galactosidase, and sucrose phosphate synthase (assayed with saturating substrates) were high initially but declined markedly during this phase. Glucose, fructose, and low concentrations of raffinose saccharides were present, but no sucrose was detected. During maturation, starch and dry matter remained nearly constant and sucrose began to accumulate. During ripening, starch was degraded, sucrose synthase activity was significant but relatively constant, sucrose phosphate synthase activity increased, and sucrose continued to accumulate.

scholarly journals SUGAR METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN CARROT ROOTS FROM POPULATIONS VARYING IN SUGAR TYPE AND CONCENTRATION

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 591b-591
Author(s):  
Philipp W. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Developmental Analysis ◽  
Reducing Sugar Concentration ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate ◽  
Phosphate Synthase

Four carrot populations with low total sugar/low reducing sugar concentration, low total sugar/high reducing sugar concentration, high total sugar/low reducing sugar concentration, and high total sugar/high reducing sugar concentration were compared for pH 4.5 invertase, pH 7.5 invertase, sucrose synthase, and sucrose phosphate synthase activity. Invertase activities correlated well with reducing sugar concentration. Sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase activities were low in all populations. Total sugar level was not well-correlated with the activity of any enzyme measured. Developmental analysis indicated some reduction in enzyme activity as roots grew.

Sucrose Metabolism of Perennial Ryegrass in Relation to Cold Acclimation

2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj K. Bhowmik ◽  
Ken-ichi Tamura ◽  
Yasuhara Sanada ◽  
Kazuhiro Tase ◽  
Toshihiko Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Sugar Accumulation ◽  
Sucrose Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Acclimation Period ◽  
Sucrose Biosynthesis

Abstract Sugar metabolism is one of the important factors involved in winter hardiness and since the discovery of sucrose biosynthesis, considerable advances have been made in understanding its regulation and crucial role. This investigation examined the changes in activities of sucrose metabolizing enzymes and sugar content during cold hardening of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Changes in acid invertase (AI), sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) along with all the three soluble sugars glucose, fructose and sucrose were measured in leaves and stem base tissue during cold acclimation. Although fructans were the predominant carbohydrate the changes in glucose, fructose and sucrose were significant. All the three soluble sugars in both leaf and stem tissues started to decrease from the first day and continued up to day 7 and thereafter started to increase until day 28. AI in the soluble fraction showed a higher activity than that in the cell wall bound fraction. In both the leaf and stem bases soluble AI activity increased during the first week and after that it started to decrease gradually. On the other hand both the SS and SPS increased gradually throughout the acclimation period. Sucrose content was negatively correlated with AI and positively correlated with SS and SPS accounting well for the relation between the substrate and enzyme activity. These results suggest that AI, SS and SPS in ryegrass are regulated by cold acclimation and play an important role in sugar accumulation and acquisition of freezing tolerance

MEILUŽĖ IR RAGANA: KOTRYNA TELNIČIETĖ IR „JUODASIS“ JOS MITAS / CONCUBINE AND ENCHANTRESS: KATARZYNA TELNICZANKA AND HER BLACK MYTHSUMMARY

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019/2 ◽  
pp. 41-64
Author(s):  
S. C. ROWELL
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Maternal Influence ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
A Minor

CONCUBINE AND ENCHANTRESS: KATARZYNA TELNICZANKA AND HER BLACK MYTH Summary S.C. R O W E L L Katarzyna Hochstadt of Telnicz (ca 1480–1528), mistress of Sigismund the Old, mother of John of the Lithuanian Dukes, bishop of Vilnius (1519–36) and Poznań (1536–38) has come down in history as an enchanting beauty or a witch, or both. Her image is defined by her relationship with powerful men – her lover, her son, her husband (Andrzej Kościelecki, castellan of Wojnicz and sub–treasurer of the Crown of Poland) and alleged victims (various royal secretaries and high–ranking clerics). This article assesses what little by way of solid evidence is known of her life and how this can be related with the image of man–chasing vamp, interference in the running of the diocese of Vilnius (thereby allegedly provoking the appointment of bishop protectors to the see) and scandal in village and town (according to one seventeenth–century historian). There is evidence that while John of the Lithuanian Dukes was still a minor and enjoyed the rank of provost of Płock and Poznań and canon of Kraków the property associated with his office was overseen by his step–father and perhaps by his mother. After John became bishop of Vilnius, Her Magnificence the Bishop‘s Mother, the Lady Dowager Castellan of Wojnicz and Sub–Treasurer of the Crown of Poland resided for some time at her son‘s court in Vilnius and on at least two occasions exercised her maternal influence to facilitate access to the bishop for canons (Stanislaw Dambrowka, Martin of Dusniki and Albert Wielezinski) involved in a dispute with their brother canon and scholast Jakub Staszkowski. The detailed discussion of internal cathedral disputes in the presence of a lay person, and even worse, a woman, scandalised members of the Cathedral Chapter but there is no evidence that Lady Katarzyna sought to determine the outcome of this case. We also know that she patronised at least one noblewoman (the widowed sister–in–law of Bishop Albert Tabor) who subsequently adopted Bishop John as her son and heir and made financial endowments on both the bishop and his mother. After Katarzyna died in Vilnius in the late summer of 1528 her corpse was transported to Kraków for burial by a Vilnius canon, Erasmus Eustachii, whose family had connections with Andrzej Kościelecki and Bishop John of Vilnius. The satirical verse penned by Andrzej Krzycki concerning a mother–stepmother and father–stepfather (Katarzyna and King Sigismund) and „an old hag who stinks like a goat“ represents neo–Latin literary exercises provoked by fear of the influence at the royal court of Katarzyna and her family rather than an accurate and literal description of Katarzyna and her activities.

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