Copper Accumulation in the Digestive Caecae of Limnoria quadripunctata Holthius (Isopoda: Crustacea) Tunnelling CCA-Treated Wood in Laboratory Cultures

Holzforschung ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 570-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Tupper ◽  
A.J. Pitman ◽  
S. M. Cragg
Keyword(s):  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Wood Substrate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Treated Timber ◽  
Food Substrate ◽  
Blood Pigments

Summary To investigate the mechanisms by which the isopod Limnoria tolerates copper, chromium and arsenic when tunnelling CCA-treated wood in the marine environment, digestive caecae of specimens of L. quadripunctata from CCA-treated and untreated Pinus sylvestris sapwood were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray detection (EDX). Copper-containing granules were found to be present in the small cells of the digestive caecae (midgut) of Limnoria from both treated and untreated wood. However, individuals tunnelling treated timber contained a greater number of granules, with six types of morphology being distinguished of which only two were present in Limnoria from untreated wood. The presence of copper-containing granules in Limnoria from untreated timber may be explained by the ability of this isopod to acquire and store copper from seawater for use in enzymes and blood pigments. The increased number of copper granules in individuals tunnelling treated wood was believed to result from elevated levels of this element in the food substrate. This ability to store copper allows these organisms to tolerate this metal in the wood substrate and may explain how this organism is able to attack CCA-treated wood in service. No chromium, or arsenic, was detected in the digestive caecal cells.

scholarly journals Ulva compressa from Copper-Polluted Sites Exhibits Intracellular Copper Accumulation, Increased Expression of Metallothioneins and Copper-Containing Nanoparticles in Chloroplasts

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10531
Author(s):  
Daniela Espinoza ◽  
Alberto González ◽  
Jaime Pizarro ◽  
Rodrigo Segura ◽  
Daniel Laporte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Control Site ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ulva Compressa ◽  
Polluted Sites ◽  
Intracellular Copper

In order to analyze the mechanisms involved in copper accumulation in Ulva compressa, algae were collected at control sites of central and northern Chile, and at two copper-polluted sites of northern Chile. The level of intracellular copper, reduced glutathione (GSH), phytochelatins (PCs), PC2 and PC4, and transcripts encoding metallothioneins (MTs) of U. compressa, UcMT1, UcMT2 and UcMT3, were determined. Algae of control sites contained around 20 g of copper g−1 of dry tissue (DT) whereas algae of copper-polluted sites contained 260 and 272 g of copper g−1 of DT. Algae of control sites and copper-polluted sites did not show detectable amounts of GSH, the level of PC2 did not change among sites whereas PC4 was increased in one of the copper-polluted sites. The level of transcripts of UcMT1 and UcMT2 were increased in algae of copper-polluted sites, but the level of UcMT3 did not change. Algae of a control site and a copper-polluted site were visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the existence of copper in electrodense particles was analyzed using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). Algae of copper-polluted sites showed electrodense nanoparticles containing copper in the chloroplasts, whereas algae of control sites did not. Algae of a control site, Cachagua, were cultivated without copper (control) and with 10 M copper for 5 days and they were analyzed by TEM-EDXS. Algae cultivated with copper showed copper-containing nanoparticles in the chloroplast whereas control algae did not. Thus, U. compressa from copper-polluted sites exhibits intracellular copper accumulation, an increase in the level of PC4 and expression of UcMTs, and the accumulation of copper-containing particles in chloroplasts.

scholarly journals Inorganic Antiflaming Wood Caused by aTiO2-Decorated ZnO Nanorod Arrays Coating Prepared by a Facile Hydrothermal Method

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zhang ◽  
Weigang Zhang ◽  
Chunde Jin ◽  
Song Li
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Method ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Zno Nanorod ◽  
Nanorod Arrays ◽  
Zno Nanorod Arrays ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
One Pot ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Smoke Production

Wood materials with antiflaming capability were successfully fabricated by depositing a TiO2-decorated ZnO nanorod arrays (ZNAs) film on wood surface using a facile and one-pot hydrothermal method. The prepared specimens were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). To explore the antiflaming properties, the combustion parameters of the wood treated by TiO2-decorated ZNAs were measured using the cone calorimetry technique compared with the untreated wood. For treated wood, the burning duration was prolonged for 55 s; smoke production rate (SPR) and total smoke production (TSP) were obviously reduced, especially for the production of CO was almost zero. As a result, thin inorganic film of TiO2-decorated ZNAs had desirable fire resistance, and one-pot hydrothermal method was a feasible method to fabricate nonflammable wood materials.

Evaluation of cell wall reinforcement in feather keratin-treated waterlogged wood as imaged by synchrotron X-ray microtomography (μXRT) and TEM

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 795-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rie Endo ◽  
Junji Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Feather Keratin ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Chemical Hydrolysis ◽  
Chamaecyparis Pisifera ◽  
Ancient Wood ◽  
Cell Wall Reinforcement

Abstract Archaeological waterlogged woods (WLW) become considerably fragile over time because of chemical hydrolysis and the deterioration by microorganisms in the wet buried environment. The methods are sought for the dimensional stabilization of such woods. In the present article, the conservation of archaeological WLW of Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl. by means of a commercially available feather keratin was in focus. The impregnation of an ancient wood from the 9th century A.D. was examined by the noninvasive synchrotron X-ray microtomography, which is well suited for imaging fragile samples. The thickness of the cell walls of keratin-treated wood was preserved and was comparable with that of recent wood. Notably, the middle lamella (ML) of keratin-treated wood appeared to be electron dense as indicated by transmission electron microscopy. Thus, it can be concluded that feather keratin is predominantly adsorbed on the ML and it prevents wood cell walls from collapsing and provides reinforcement.

Fire resistance of wood treated with various ionic liquids (ILs)

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 787-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Miyafuji ◽  
Yoshiyuki Fujiwara
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thermal Analyzer ◽  
Morphologic Changes ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) have been investigated for their potential as reagents for enhancing the fire resistance of wood. The following ILs were in focus: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C2mim][PF6]). Supposedly, these ILs do not dissolve or degrade wood components to a large extent. No morphologic changes were observed in any IL-treated wood samples, but they showed an enhanced fire resistance compared with that of untreated wood. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis demonstrated that the ILs are penetrated into the cell walls. The wood treated with [C2mim][PF6] exhibited the highest fire resistance based on thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyzer studies: it was more resistant against flaming at approximately 350°C and the subsequent glowing at higher temperatures. This enhanced fire resistance was interpreted by dehydration in the presence of the ILs under observation. In general, ILs are promising reagents for improving the thermal properties of wood.

Structural studies of Chondrus crispus: the effect of extraction of carrageenan

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (15) ◽  
pp. 2053-2064 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. McCandless ◽  
W. T. Okada ◽  
J. N. A. Lott ◽  
C. M. Vollmer ◽  
E. M. Gordon-Mills
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Chondrus Crispus ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
Sulphated Polysaccharide ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Intercellular Matrix ◽  
Transmission Electron

Birefringence, energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), and ultrastructural studies were performed on control and on extracted carposporic and tetrasporic Chondrus crispus Stack. thalli.EDX analysis of untreated carposporic and tetrasporic plants revealed the presence of sulphur primarily in the intercellular matrix and cell walls. The sulphur levels detected were greater in tetrasporic than in carposporic plants. EDX analysis of tetrasporic and carposporic plants after extraction with hot aqueous bicarbonate, which should remove most of the sulphated polysaccharide carrageenan, showed little sulphur in walls and intercellular matrices.The microfibrils visible with transmission electron microscopy in cell walls of both generations of C. crispus appeared to run parallel to the cell surface, i.e. circumferentially. Some areas of the intercellular matrix were entirely granular, while others contained microfibrils. After extraction, microfibrils in cell walls and intercellular matrix were disorganized but were still present, perhaps in reduced amounts.The birefringence which characterized the walls of untreated cells was greatly reduced by 2 h extraction, and matrix birefringence was entirely removed. Cortical cell walls could still be identified and stained metachromatically with toluidine blue, but they were no longer birefringent. Further extraction (5 h) removed residual birefringence, but rhizoid cell walls were still metachromatic, as were the remnants of small cells believed to be cortical in origin.

Bonding Performance of Wood Treatment by Oxygen and Nitrogen Cold Plasma

2014 ◽  
Vol 633-634 ◽  
pp. 583-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Yan Wang ◽  
Guan Ben Du ◽  
Qin Li ◽  
Rui Ying Xu ◽  
Shao Fei Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Cold Plasma ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bonding Performance ◽  
Processing Power

The wood were treated by N2,O2cold plasma with the processing power 300W, the treatment duration 5 min, then the treated wood was bonded with MUF to valve the bonding performance, the contact angles of the treated/untreated wood were tested. The chemical composition on the surface of wood with or without N2cold plasma treatment also was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed: the contact angles of the surface decreased, the surface free energy increased evidently that treated by N2or O2cold plasma, and the average bonding performance of wood that treated by cold plasma (whether N2or O2) increased obviously, more than 50% comparing with that untreated. The XPS analysis showed the atomic ratio O/C has increased, and more groups were oxidized or more peroxides were formed on the surface of wood, and the N element was introduced to the wood surface after nitrogen cold plasma treatment and it was guessed to the group of –NH2.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

Phase Transformations in Ti-7w/oMo-3w/oMe Alloy

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 514-515
Author(s):  
S. Fujishiro
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Mechanical Processing ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Water Quench ◽  
Alpha Beta

The mechanical properties of three titanium alloys (Ti-7Mo-3Al, Ti-7Mo- 3Cu and Ti-7Mo-3Ta) were evaluated as function of: 1) Solutionizing in the beta field and aging, 2) Thermal Mechanical Processing in the beta field and aging, 3) Solutionizing in the alpha + beta field and aging. The samples were isothermally aged in the temperature range 300° to 700*C for 4 to 24 hours, followed by a water quench. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray method were used to identify the phase formed. All three alloys solutionized at 1050°C (beta field) transformed to martensitic alpha (alpha prime) upon being water quenched. Despite this heavily strained alpha prime, which is characterized by microtwins the tensile strength of the as-quenched alloys is relatively low and the elongation is as high as 30%.

Direct Observation of Crystalline Ordering In Naturally Graphitized Carbon Produced by Low Grade Metamorphism

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
Thomas R. McKee ◽  
Peter R. Buseck
Keyword(s):  
Crystallite Size ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Graphitized Carbon ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Commercial Carbon ◽  
Metamorphic Zone

Sediments commonly contain organic material which appears as refractory carbonaceous material in metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Grew and others have shown that relative carbon content, crystallite size, X-ray crystallinity and development of well-ordered graphite crystal structure of the carbonaceous material increases with increasing metamorphic grade. The graphitization process is irreversible and appears to be continous from the amorphous to the completely graphitized stage. The most dramatic chemical and crystallographic changes take place within the chlorite metamorphic zone.The detailed X-ray investigation of crystallite size and crystalline ordering is complex and can best be investigated by other means such as high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The natural graphitization series is similar to that for heat-treated commercial carbon blacks, which have been successfully studied by HRTEM (Ban and others).

Removing Substrate Background in TEM Microanalysis

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
John C. Russ ◽  
Nicholas C. Barbi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Organic Film ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Background Signal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Continuum

The rapid growth of interest in attaching energy-dispersive x-ray analysis systems to transmission electron microscopes has centered largely on microanalysis of biological specimens. These are frequently either embedded in plastic or supported by an organic film, which is of great importance as regards stability under the beam since it provides thermal and electrical conductivity from the specimen to the grid.Unfortunately, the supporting medium also produces continuum x-radiation or Bremsstrahlung, which is added to the x-ray spectrum from the sample. It is not difficult to separate the characteristic peaks from the elements in the specimen from the total continuum background, but sometimes it is also necessary to separate the continuum due to the sample from that due to the support. For instance, it is possible to compute relative elemental concentrations in the sample, without standards, based on the relative net characteristic elemental intensities without regard to background; but to calculate absolute concentration, it is necessary to use the background signal itself as a measure of the total excited specimen mass.

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