Cation Exchange Capacity Tests on Some Lignocellulosic Materials Highlight Some Aspects of the Use of Copper as Wood Preservative

Holzforschung ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Staccioli ◽  
Alberto Sturaro ◽  
Rocco Rella
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Pinus Pinea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lignocellulosic Materials ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Populus Euramericana ◽  
Monovalent Ions

Summary The stoichiometric validity of copper(II) salts in the assessing the cation exchange capacity of lignocellulosic materials with respect to sodium salts is determined on some materials like Populus euramericana, Pinus pinea, flax, hemp, cotton, and some of their derivatives. Copper exhibits the usual stoichiometry (bivalence) with saponified woods and Norman & Jenkins holocelluloses whereas it is present as bivalent and/or apparent monovalent ions in the other materials. The major groups responsible for cation exchange are the carboxyls of polyoses while hydroxyls seem inert at this reaction. Cation exchange of wood and raw fibers is, on the contrary, influenced by the structure of lignin. In fact, when it forms ester bonds with polyoses it causes the rising of copper apparently working as monovalent species. Lacking these bonds, lignin does not provoke any chemical interactions except for some isolated lignins. These data show that copper interacts mainly with polyoses, secondly with lignin if bonded to polyoses whereas cellulose seems to be weakly involved in these interactions. To improve the assumption of copper from preservative formulations mild saponification of woods is suggested since such treatment enhances the number of sites of exchange in polyoses.

Dehydration of the montmorillonite minerals

1955 ◽  
Vol 30 (228) ◽  
pp. 604-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Greene-Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Charge Density ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydration Energy ◽  
Interlayer Cations ◽  
Potassium Fixation ◽  
Exchange Cations ◽  
Silicate Layers

Studies of the effect of dehydration at temperatures greater than 150° on sorption by montmorillonites have shown that small interlayer cations such as lithium and magnesium promote an irreversible decrease in the amount of interlamellar sorption and a consequent marked fall in the cation exchange capacity as measured by conventional methods (1, 2, 3, 4). The other minerals of the group do not show this property (4), which is quite distinct from the supposed 'potassium fixation' reported in these minerals (5). This latter effect, which is small for montmorillonite, refers to the decreased rate of exchange of potassium as compared with smaller exchange cations especially after the potassium-saturated mineral has been dried at ]00° C., and has been shown to be much more marked in mica-like minerals with silicate layers of higher charge density (e.g. illites and vermiculites (6)). The amount of water sorbed by potassium-saturated montmorillonite is not significantly affected by drying at temperatures below 400° C. although it is less than that of most other montmorilIonites (3), due probably to the low hydration energy of the potassium ion (7).

scholarly journals SOME PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE PRECIPITATED IN THE PRESENCE OF CLAYS

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Aluminum Hydroxide ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wyoming Bentonite

With Arizona bentonite, Wyoming bentonite, Fithian illite, and Georgia kaolin it was found that the OH/Al ratio of the aluminum hydroxide precipitated was about 2.7, providing the initial OH/Al ratio was not greater than 2.7. When the initial OH/Al ratio was increased to 3.0 the OH/Al ratio of the precipitate also increased to 3.0. The decrease in cation exchange capacity of the clays per milliequivalent of Al in the precipitate was independent of the initial OH/Al ratio when the ratio was varied from 1.0 to 2.7. When this ratio was increased beyond 2.7, however, inactivation of the exchange sites decreased, until with an initial OH/Al ratio of 3.0 there was very little decrease in exchange capacity. It required less precipitated Al to decrease the exchange capacity of Arizona bentonite than it did for the other three clays.

EVALUASI PERUBAHAN KUALITAS TANAH PADA LAHAN BEKAS PENAMBANGAN NIKEL DI PULAU GEBE

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mardi Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Mining Activity ◽  
Evaluation Activity ◽  
Land Quality ◽  
Environment Quality

Since year 1977 until 2005, PT. ANTAM has been exploited nickel ore resources at Gebe Island – Center ofHalmahera District – North Maluku Province. Mining activity, beside give economically advantages also causedegradation of environment quality espicially land quality. Therefore, it need evaluation activity for change ofland quality at Gebe Island after mining activity.From chemical rehabilitation aspect, post mining land and rehabilitation land indacate very lack and lackfertility (base saturated 45,87 – 99,6%; cation exchange capacity 9,43 – 12,43%; Organic Carbon 1,12 –2,31%). From availability of nutrirnt element aspect, post mining land and rehabilitation land indicate verylack and lack fertility (nitrogen 0,1 – 1,19%). Base on that data, it can be concluded that land reclamationactivity not yet achieve standart condition of chemical land.Key words : land quality, post mining lan

scholarly journals Attributes of the soil fertilized with sewage sludge and calcium and magnesium silicate

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1107-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldo R. Zuba Junio ◽  
Regynaldo A. Sampaio ◽  
Altina L. Nascimento ◽  
Luiz A. Fernandes ◽  
Natália N. de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Magnesium Silicate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Sludge Compost ◽  
Sewage Sludge Compost ◽  
Randomized Block Design

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to evaluate the chemical attributes of an Inceptisol cultivated with castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), variety ‘BRS Energia’, fertilized with sewage sludge compost and calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) silicate. The experiment was conducted at the ICA/UFMG, in a randomized block design, using a 2 x 4 factorial scheme with three replicates, and the treatments consisted of two doses of Ca-Mg silicate (0 and 1 t ha-1) and four doses of sewage sludge compost (0, 23.81, 47.62 and 71.43 t ha-1, on dry basis). Soil organic matter (OM), pH, sum of bases (SB), effective cation exchange capacity (CEC(t)), total cation exchange capacity (CEC(T)), base saturation (V%) and potential acidity (H + Al) were evaluated. There were no significant interactions between doses of sewage sludge compost and doses of Ca-Mg silicate on soil attributes, and no effect of silicate fertilization on these attributes. However, fertilization with sewage sludge compost promoted reduction in pH and increase in H + Al, OM and CEC. The dose of 71.43 t ha-1 of sewage sludge compost promoted the best soil chemical conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Low Zeolite Doses on Plants and Soil Physicochemical Properties

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2617
Author(s):  
Alicja Szatanik-Kloc ◽  
Justyna Szerement ◽  
Agnieszka Adamczuk ◽  
Grzegorz Józefaciuk
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
First Year ◽  
Soil Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Water Holding

Thousands of tons of zeolitic materials are used yearly as soil conditioners and components of slow-release fertilizers. A positive influence of application of zeolites on plant growth has been frequently observed. Because zeolites have extremely large cation exchange capacity, surface area, porosity and water holding capacity, a paradigm has aroused that increasing plant growth is caused by a long-lasting improvement of soil physicochemical properties by zeolites. In the first year of our field experiment performed on a poor soil with zeolite rates from 1 to 8 t/ha and N fertilization, an increase in spring wheat yield was observed. Any effect on soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), surface area (S), pH-dependent surface charge (Qv), mesoporosity, water holding capacity and plant available water (PAW) was noted. This positive effect of zeolite on plants could be due to extra nutrients supplied by the mineral (primarily potassium—1 ton of the studied zeolite contained around 15 kg of exchangeable potassium). In the second year of the experiment (NPK treatment on previously zeolitized soil), the zeolite presence did not impact plant yield. No long-term effect of the zeolite on plants was observed in the third year after soil zeolitization, when, as in the first year, only N fertilization was applied. That there were no significant changes in the above-mentioned physicochemical properties of the field soil after the addition of zeolite was most likely due to high dilution of the mineral in the soil (8 t/ha zeolite is only ~0.35% of the soil mass in the root zone). To determine how much zeolite is needed to improve soil physicochemical properties, much higher zeolite rates than those applied in the field were studied in the laboratory. The latter studies showed that CEC and S increased proportionally to the zeolite percentage in the soil. The Qv of the zeolite was lower than that of the soil, so a decrease in soil variable charge was observed due to zeolite addition. Surprisingly, a slight increase in PAW, even at the largest zeolite dose (from 9.5% for the control soil to 13% for a mixture of 40 g zeolite and 100 g soil), was observed. It resulted from small alterations of the soil macrostructure: although the input of small zeolite pores was seen in pore size distributions, the larger pores responsible for the storage of PAW were almost not affected by the zeolite addition.

Effects of pH and ionic strength on the cation exchange capacity of soils with variable charge

Soil Research ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Gillman
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Variable Charge ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Variable Charge Soils

The cation exchange capacity of six surface soils from north Queensland and Hawaii has been measured over a range of pH values (4-6) and ionic strength values (0.003-0.05). The results show that for variable charge soils, modest changes in electrolyte ionic strength are as important in their effect on caton exchange capacity as are changes in pH values.

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