Stabilization of commercial polyacrylonitrile fibres for fabrication of low-cost medium-strength carbon fibres

e-Polymers ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Eslami Farsani ◽  
Ali Shokuhfar ◽  
Arman Sedghi
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Price ◽  
Carbon Fibres ◽  
Oxidative Stabilization ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
Stabilization Procedure

AbstractThe process of fabrication of carbon fibres from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres is composed of two steps including oxidative stabilization at low temperature and carbonization at high temperature in an inert atmosphere. Due to the high price of the raw material (special PAN fibres), carbon fibres are still expensive. It is shown that it is possible to produce desirable carbon fibres from (cheaper) commercial PAN fibres. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to make some changes in the conventional stabilization procedure to reach complete stabilization.

scholarly journals Low-Temperature Processed TiOx Electron Transport Layer for Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1676
Author(s):  
Md. Shahiduzzaman ◽  
Daiki Kuwahara ◽  
Masahiro Nakano ◽  
Makoto Karakawa ◽  
Kohshin Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Electron Transport ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Perovskite Solar Cells ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Electron Transport Layer ◽  
Photovoltaic Properties

The most frequently used n-type electron transport layer (ETL) in high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is based on titanium oxide (TiO2) films, involving a high-temperature sintering (>450 °C) process. In this work, a dense, uniform, and pinhole-free compact titanium dioxide (TiOx) film was prepared via a facile chemical bath deposition process at a low temperature (80 °C), and was applied as a high-quality ETL for efficient planar PSCs. We tested and compared as-deposited substrates sintered at low temperatures (< 150 °C) and high temperatures (> 450 °C), as well as their corresponding photovoltaic properties. PSCs with a high-temperature treated TiO2 compact layer (CL) exhibited power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) as high as 15.50%, which was close to those of PSCs with low-temperature treated TiOx (14.51%). This indicates that low-temperature treated TiOx can be a potential ETL candidate for planar PSCs. In summary, this work reports on the fabrication of low-temperature processed PSCs, and can be of interest for the design and fabrication of future low-cost and flexible solar modules.

A Novel Fe 1-xO-Based Fused Iron Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis with the High Olefine Selectivity

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 2207-2211
Author(s):  
Hua Zhang Liu ◽  
Xia Zhen Yang ◽  
Ya Qing Cen ◽  
Hao Dong Tang
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
High Stability ◽  
Iron Catalyst ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Preparation Process ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Fused Iron Catalyst

The performance and stability for FTS was studied on novel Fe1-xO-based iron catalyst (FIC) in agitated slurry reactor (ASR) and fixed bed reactor (FBR), and compared with precipitation-iron catalyst (PIC). The studied results indicate that novel Fe1-xO-based iron catalyst has the high conversion and high stability, especially, the high alkene selectivity in C2 ~ C4 products that the ratios of olefines and paraffines the more than 9 and the low cost, the preparation process and the high mechanical intensity. The catalyst can be used at FBR or ASR, and FTS at high temperature or low temperature.

The X-ray pattern of low-temperature cristobalite

1944 ◽  
Vol 27 (187) ◽  
pp. 54-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Jay
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Open Hearth ◽  
Crystalline Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Temperature Heating ◽  
High Temperature Heating ◽  
Roof Brick

Cristobalite is found as the first product in the conversion of quartz following a high-temperature heating, and it constitutes a large percentage of the crystalline material in most manufactured silica bricks. It is present also in fireclay products, the amount being dependent upon the nature of the raw material and the conditions of firing. In the majority of these products the cristobalite is only poorly developed, i.e. the crystals are only perfect over distances of the order of about 1 × 10-6 cm. This value is derived from the diffuseness of the high-order reflections on the X-ray powder photograph. On the other hand, the crystals of cristobalite are well developed in the hot face of an open hearth silica roof-brick.

Bending Creep of High-Temperature Dried Spruce Timber

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bengtsson ◽  
R. Kliger
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Creep Test ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Creep Tests ◽  
Free Shrinkage ◽  
Creep Deformations

Summary In this paper, bending creep test results from high-temperature (HT) dried Norway Spruce timber are presented. The results are compared with creep tests of conventional low-temperature (LT) dried timber. The HT drying was performed at 115°C and the LT drying was performed at 70°C. The creep tests were performed in a varying climate with 20°C and 30–90% relative humidity. A total number of 24 specimens, 45 × 70 × 1100 mm, were loaded in bending during approximately 240 days. Both the HT-dried and the LT-dried material were cut from the same four trees to have as equal raw material as possible for the two drying methods. The results show smaller bending creep deformations of HT-dried timber (approximately 30%) as compared to the LT-dried timber. The variation in magnitude of creep for HT-dried timber was equal to or smaller than for LT-dried timber. Additionally, the variation in deformation between the moisture cycles was smaller for HT-dried timber. These observations indicate a less pronounced mechano-sorptive effect for HT-dried timber. The free shrinkage in the grain direction was significantly smaller for the HT-dried material than for the LT-dried material.

Dendritic CuIn Films Grown by Electroless Deposition

2004 ◽  
Vol 836 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W Lane ◽  
Jonathan D Painter ◽  
Keith D Rogers ◽  
Ian Forbes ◽  
Robert W Miles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Layered Structure ◽  
Electroless Deposition ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Deposition Technique ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Step Process

ABSTRACTCuInS2 films are often grown in a two-step process with the deposition of a Cu-In alloy followed by high temperature sulphurisation in either S vapour or H2 S. Numerous techniques exist for the deposition of Cu-In. In this work Cu-In films have been deposited on tin oxide coated glass using the electroless deposition technique, a low cost, low temperature approach. The films were found to consist of a two layered structure. Initially, Cu islands grew forming a layer on the substrate. The deposition process subsequently produced dendritic Cu-In alloys from the tops of the Cu islands. Various CuIn phases were observed, namely Cu9In4 and CuIn, the presence of which was related to the solution pH. None of the films were found to contain metallic In, indicating that this process may be well suited to subsequent high temperature sulphurisation.

scholarly journals Analysis of fluid inclusions in vein quartz of the Fenkina-Lampi deposit by gas chromatography

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Евгения Светова ◽  
Светлана Шанина
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Glass Melting ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Temperature Region ◽  
Vein Quartz ◽  
High Quality

The composition and content of fluid inclusions in the main structural and technological types of vein quartz of the Fenkina-Lampi deposit were studied by gas chromatography. It is shown that H2O dominates (90–99%) in the gases composition released from quartz under heating to 1000°C, CO2, CO, N2 and hydrocarbon compounds contents are much less. Quartz is characterized by high gassing in the high-temperature region (600–1000°C) comparable to gassing in the low-temperature interval (100–600°C), which is a negative indicator of the quality of quartz as a raw material for high-quality glass melting. It is necessary to develop a special purification technology for this quartz, which will take into account the features of its saturation with gas-liquid inclusions.

Exsolution and inversion in pigeonite from the Whin Sill, Northern England

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 474-475
Author(s):  
P.P.K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Homogeneous Nucleation ◽  
Silicate Mineral ◽  
Antiphase Boundaries ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Primitive Form ◽  
The Core ◽  
Nucleation Mechanisms ◽  
And Inversion

Grains of pigeonite, a calcium-poor silicate mineral of the pyroxene group, from the Whin Sill dolerite have been ion-thinned and examined by TEM. The pigeonite is strongly zoned chemically from the composition Wo8En64FS28 in the core to Wo13En34FS53 at the rim. Two phase transformations have occurred during the cooling of this pigeonite:- exsolution of augite, a more calcic pyroxene, and inversion of the pigeonite from the high- temperature C face-centred form to the low-temperature primitive form, with the formation of antiphase boundaries (APB's). Different sequences of these exsolution and inversion reactions, together with different nucleation mechanisms of the augite, have created three distinct microstructures depending on the position in the grain.In the core of the grains small platelets of augite about 0.02μm thick have farmed parallel to the (001) plane (Fig. 1). These are thought to have exsolved by homogeneous nucleation. Subsequently the inversion of the pigeonite has led to the creation of APB's.

Superconducting Wind Generators with Capacities of 10 MW and Larger

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Author(s):  
Victor N. ANTIPOV ◽  
◽  
Andrey D. GROZOV ◽  
Anna V. IVANOVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Superconducting Materials ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Synchronous Generators ◽  
High Temperature Superconducting ◽  
Wind Generators ◽  
Main Factor

The overall dimensions and mass of wind power units with capacities larger than 10 MW can be improved and their cost can be decreased by developing and constructing superconducting synchronous generators. The article analyzes foreign conceptual designs of superconducting synchronous generators based on different principles: with the use of high- and low-temperature superconductivity, fully superconducting or only with a superconducting excitation system, and with the use of different materials (MgB2, Bi2223, YBCO). A high cost of superconducting materials is the main factor impeding commercial application of superconducting generators. In view of the state of the art in the technology for manufacturing superconductors and their cost, a conclusion is drawn, according to which a synchronous gearless superconducting wind generator with a capacity of 10 MW with the field winding made of a high-temperature superconducting material (MgB2, Bi-2223 or YBCO) with the «ferromagnetic stator — ferromagnetic rotor» topology, with the stator diameter equal to 7—9 m, and with the number of poles equal to 32—40 has prospects for its practical use in the nearest future.

AISI 1030

Alloy Digest ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Plain Carbon Steel ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
Hot Rolled

Abstract AISI 1030 is a plain carbon steel containing nominally 0.30% carbon. It is used in the hot-rolled, normalized, oil-quenched-and-tempered or water-quenched-and-tempered conditions for general-purpose engineering and construction. It provides medium strength and toughness at low cost. Among its many uses are axles, bolts, gears and building sections. All data are on a single heat of fine-grain steel. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CS-94. Producer or source: Carbon and alloy steel mills.

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