scholarly journals Moral and aesthetic considerations of humanity according to the Polish philosopher Mieczysław Wallis

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Joanna Zegzuła-Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Human Existence ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Human Subjectivity ◽  
Meaningful Existence

Abstract In this article, the author presents an overview of the 20th century Polish humanist Mieczysław Wallis who searches for answers to the question of the essence of humanity. The philosopher saw it in human axiological activities building a world of specifically human creations thus giving Man a meaningful existence. An axiological perspective of human subjectivity – the search for the purpose and meaning of human existence in the implementation of aesthetical and ethical values can be seen as a methodological proposal worthy of deeper consideration which could facilitate solving modern ethical and bio-ethical problems.

scholarly journals The work ethic of medieval Muslim Ahi brotherhood: A comparison with Catholic and Puritan work ethics

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mahmut Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Work Ethic ◽  
Catholic Social Teaching ◽  
Social Teaching ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Cultural Organizations ◽  
Islamic Work Ethic ◽  
High Level ◽  
Direct Results ◽  
Islamic Values

This paper compares and analyzes the Catholic Social Teaching, Puritan work ethic and Islamic ethic of medieval Muslim Ahi Brotherhood of Anatolia in terms of business ethics. A high level of similarity can be found between Catholic social teaching (CST) and a branch of the Islamic work ethic of Ahi movement. Islamic Ahi work ethic has also significant similarities with the historical Protestant work ethic. This similarity reveals the opportunity to cooperate and to foster a more humanitarian workplace, particularly in multi-cultural organizations both for Christians and Muslims. We can argue that many ethical problems arise in organizations as a result of a violation of ethical values and virtues. Corruption, sexual harassment, mobbing, nepotism, are direct results of the lack of such virtues. Therefore, it is possible to merge Catholic, Protestant and Islamic values to create a more humane workplace.

A closer look into alterity: eccentricity

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Stanghellini
Keyword(s):  
Human Existence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Subjectivity

This chapter argues that at the heart of alterity lies a double paradox. First, alterity speaks of eccentricity, of the non-coincidence of the Self with itself. Most of the philosophical anthropologies of the last hundred years emphasize that the phenomenon of eccentricity is indigenous to human existence, and characterize Man as an eccentric being. Fundamental to the understanding of human subjectivity is clarifying the ways self-awareness is structured as an experience inextricably entangled with an experience of a basic otherness. To be a human being is to be in juxtaposition with, and sometimes to feel in opposition to, a set of given involuntary dispositions in front of which we need to voluntarily take a position.

scholarly journals ETHICAL PROBLEMS OF REALIZATION OF CALLING OF A PERSON

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Problem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethical Dimension ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Ethical Point ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
Ethical Thinking ◽  
The Individual

The article researches ethical problems of realization of human calling. On the basis of ideas of the ethics of E. Levinas and their interpretations the author proves the importance of ethical dimension of evaluation of calling as a way of self-actualization of a personality. The purpose of the study is to determine of the conditions and requirements for understanding of calling by personality. However, from the ethical point of view those conditions and requirements appeared to be independent from the individual aims and visions of calling. Therefore, reveals itself the transcendence of the purpose of calling, devotion of a person to over-personal aims and values. The research analyzes the interrelations between the ideas of calling and mission or assignments of a man in the world. The ethical problem presents also the realization of the ethical obligations versus desires and will of calling. The article researches the problem of the purpose of life related to individual understanding of calling. The other issue of the study is the topic of a highest good as the aim and ethical dimension for calling. The theme of destiny and predestination researched as relevant for the experience of calling as well as the phenomenon of gift. Calling is a realization of given to a person and of his or her gifts. For the conclusion was determined the multidimensional character of values of human calling. In the essence of this phenomenon revealed the combination of personal and transcendent, over-personal motives. There is a hierarchy of levels of good in the experience of calling. The person must be able to build up and understand those levels by means of ethical thinking in order to realize calling in the life. There could not be an irresponsible calling of a person. It has to be a correlation of calling with responsibility to family, society and the world of higher ethical values.

Abductive reasoning on humans/AI interactions in medical contexts

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Sans
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Reasoning ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Naturalistic Fallacy ◽  
Abductive Reasoning ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
A Value ◽  
Alternative Proposal

Abstract The proposal of this talk is to explain alternatives to obtain ethical reasoning in the humans/AI interactions in medical (especially public health) contexts. One of the ethical problems in AI is the alignment mechanisms between human values and machines automatisms. This research is based on obtaining a system capable to infer from rational human activity in a certain behavior, so it can be captured how a human moves and the way that human beings learn and teach ethical values. One way is mimetic alignment, which are values imitation processes based trough big data preferences analysis, linguistic expressions, etc. However, this approximation commits two mistakes. First, preferences are confused with values, and then the second problem is that naturalistic fallacy is committed. From this point of view, naturalistic fallacy occurs if the research is focused on alignment meaning instead of value one, and the subsequent answer is preference analysis based. Therefore, prescriptions are derivate from descriptions. The chain of reasoning that leads us to commit this fallacy begins with the confusion that values and preferences are equivalent. An alternative proposal is anchored values alignment, which is based on anchoring normative values processes of a machine that has a behavior to interact. Through abductive reasoning, this way of thinking tries to capture the idea that a value is not in any set of things, instead it is some action guiding. The relevance of abduction is its temptative value to project beyond descriptive reasoning as statically one, which it is currently used in works on medical diagnosis precisely for the characteristics that clinical eye needs.

scholarly journals Philosophy of Existentialism: Individual Awareness in Indonesian Education

Radiant ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-227
Author(s):  
Aditya Yoga Purnama ◽  
Agnesi Sekarsari Putri ◽  
Ragil Saputri
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Search Process ◽  
Human Subjectivity ◽  
Educational Issues ◽  
Education And Awareness ◽  
Key Phrases ◽  
The Mind

The philosophy of existentialism emerged driven by the uncertain world conditions due to world wars. So existentialism is present as a thought movement that emphasizes human subjectivity and freedom. This study has a purpose for reflection. Reflection means the process of understanding events in the mind or experience that is owned. This study uses descriptive qualitative research. This study utilizes a literature search. The literature search process begins with key phrases such as “existentialism”, “education” and “awareness”. Man must exist, which means realizing that he exists to control himself and act on his behalf. The philosophy of existentialism talks about human existence, while talking about humans means questioning educational issues. Each person is unique, which is different from one another. Realizing this is important for students, parents, teachers, principals, board members, and all those involved in education. Education is expected to realize the "intensity of awareness" of students. So that they are aware of their responsibility to determine the life they will live themselves.

scholarly journals 儒家倫理如何為“生命”的道德辯護——以“人類輔助生殖技術”為例進行的考察

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Weihua GUO
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Confucian Ethics ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Human Subjectivity ◽  
Sanctity Of Life ◽  
Simple Technology

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.儒家倫理從“天道”的角度賦予人之生命以神聖性和超越性，而輔助生殖技術則通過技術使人之“生命”從神聖性、超越性的形上境遇被拋入到世俗境遇中，生命的“袪魅”成為這一趨勢的集中表現。並由此，引發了“生命”的形上界定和由技術展現世俗化的生命界定之間的矛盾和衝突。儒家倫理為技術干預下的“生命”進行道德辯護的關鍵在於：儒家倫理應以一種辯證、開放的態度為輔助生殖技術展現的世俗化的生命倫理提供形而上學的精神本源基礎。By profoundly intervening in human life, human assisted reproductive technology is challenging the convictions of all well-established ethics, Confucian ethics included. Through such technology, human life is thrown from the divine, transcendent metaphysical situation it has traditionally held into this-worldly circumstances. In particular, human assisted reproductive technology brings with it a series of ethical problems. First, the sanctity of life is put in jeopardy. From this perspective, every human life is unique and independent. However, human assisted reproductive technology has the potential to destroy such uniqueness and independence. Second, human subjectivity is lost. An essential attribute of human life is that humans exist as active subjects to be respected, rather than as passive objects to be manipulated. When human assisted reproductive technology is used to control human life, human subjectivity is thrown into crisis. Finally, the existence of human life is fragmented. Human beings are “group” animals, and they live in families built on the basis of blood and marriage. This basis is usually taken as the origin or foundation of Confucian ethics. However, human assisted reproductive technology (especially AIH and reproductive cloning technology) has broken the traditional family structure. It has caused a crisis in the notion of family as an ethical entity and life becomes nothing but “debris.”In the face of such moral crises, it is time to explore Confucian ethics to help people out of their plight. Traditionally, Confucian ethics has a profound and rich content. It takes human life as valuable, sacred, transcendent and eternal. From the Confucian perspective, human life means not only existence as a natural object, but also existence of value and significance in the universe. In developing a proper Confucian ethics to direct the application of human assisted reproductive technology and guide its technical intervention in human life, this essay argues that we must recognize the following crucial point: a dialectical exploration and an open attitude are needed to enable Confucian ethics to provide the Confucian spirit of metaphysical origins and concerns to a new bioethics of assisted reproductive technology. That is, on the one hand, a bridge must be built to connect the metaphysical condition of real life in Confucian ethics with the technical interference of human assisted reproductive technology. On the other hand, it must be noted that human assisted reproductive technology reveals that the problem domain is not merely a simple technology ethics, but also involves deep philosophical or ethical change. Such exploration provides formal support for considering the ethical problems of human assisted reproductive technology from a comic philosophical view that the Confucian bioethical discourse of life must undertake.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 60 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

10.37057/m_13 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. BOZOROV ◽  
◽  
M. MELIKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Cultural Education ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The textbook for the course "History of Philosophy" is intended to familiarize students with the actual problems of the formation and development of philosophical knowledge, combining classical and modern concepts. In a systematic form, an idea is given about the fundamental problems of philosophy as special cultural education, a form of theoretical comprehension of human existence in the world. The interrelation of philosophy with other spheres of human activity is demonstrated, the methodological and ideological functions of philosophy in modern society are revealed. The anthropological essence of philosophical knowledge is consistently revealed. The tasks of forming the individuality and personality of a future specialist, the importance of ethical problems are actualized. Trends in the development of technogenic civilization, philosophical problems of science and technology are discussed. The manual has been developed for undergraduate students of all directions and forms of study.

scholarly journals Justification of atemporal values in Alexius Meinong’s theory of objects

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Cherepanova
Keyword(s):  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Human Subjectivity ◽  
A Value ◽  
Methodological Difficulty ◽  
History Of ◽  
Alexius Meinong

In the history of philosophy, Alexius Meinong?s interest in axiology has traditionally been seen as confined to his earlier works. However, if we analyze his writing after 1917, in which Meinong discusses timeless values, it becomes clear that he became increasingly disinterested in psychology. Moreover, since the theory of the object, in Meinong?s view, could not be a part of metaphysics, he had to deal with the additional methodological difficulty of proving that the good exists independently of human subjectivity. The article discusses A. Meinong?s understanding of the object of desire, the object of a value-feeling and the connection between ethical values as objects of consciousness and time. It is shown that, according to Meinong, language is where values actually reside and only through language can their reality be explained.

scholarly journals Temporal existentiality: the objectification of subjectivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 03024
Author(s):  
Natalia Serova ◽  
Lyudmila Pendurina ◽  
Alexander Fedoseenkov
Keyword(s):  
Human Existence ◽  
Consumer Attitude ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Mass Consumption ◽  
Human Subjectivity ◽  
Culture Education ◽  
Scientific Achievements

The turn from mass consumption to the creation of new and unique works in the development of contemporary culture, education and science is more and more clearly outlined. It is important to change not only our attitude to cultural and scientific achievements, but also to the person who creates them. The problem of temporality in its counteraction to objectification of human existence is considered in the article. The reasons for objectification of human subjectivity are analyzed and its mechanisms are revealed. The essence of the dilemma of objective and subjective time is revealed. There is the result of identification of the attributive properties of temporality. The unity of all modes of temporality, its ecstatic and constitutional nature are among them. The authors conclude that the study of the problem of temporality is an important step towards changing the consumer attitude of a person to culture and to himself. He must comprehend his own temporal nature as a condition for creative activity, which is highly valued in the modern culture, oriented by innovations.

scholarly journals Polskie prawo karne wobec problemów etycznych związanych z transplantologią

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Olga Sitarz
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Respect For Autonomy ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Harmfulness

The purpose of this publication is to systematize the present ethical problems relating to transplantation and to confront them with penal legislation, from which norms prohibiting certain types of conduct with regard to transplantations may be derived. The starting point for the analysis is a consideration of the fundamental ethical values required both in the treatment process as such and in transplantation in particular (principle of respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, benevolence, and justice). Therefore, the problem of admissibility of transplantology as such must be touched upon, along with its tenets and preconditions and, most importantly, with commercialization of the organs intended for transplantation. In the Polish legal system, transplantation is regulated by the 2005 Act on the Removal, Storage and Transplantation of Cells, Tissues and Organs. The Act is a specific Polish response to the doubts and dilemmas relating to transplantation. In this context, special significance attaches to the penal provisions which impose liability for transplantation-related crimes. It is noteworthy that criminalization of paid activities relating to transplantation has a rather complex and specific history. It follows from the evolving evaluation of the social harmfulness of prohibited acts, which in itself gives rise to certain controversies. There are also doubts as regards the object of protection of some crime definitions and the scope of criminalization.

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