scholarly journals Analysis of Cigarette Smoke Deposition Within an In Vitro Exposure System for Simulating Exposure in the Human Respiratory Tract

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinkichi Ishikawa ◽  
Yasufumi Nagata ◽  
Takuya Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Chemical Exposure ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Air Liquid Interface

SummaryFor the risk assessment of airborne chemicals, a variety of in vitro direct exposure systems have been developed to replicate airborne chemical exposure in vivo. Since cells at the air-liquid interface are exposed to cigarette smoke as an aerosol in direct exposure systems, it is possible to reproduce the situation of cigarette smoke exposure in the human respiratory system using this device. However it is difficult to know whether the exposed cigarette smoke in this system is consistent with the smoke retained in the human respiratory tract. The purpose of this study is to clarify this point using the CULTEX

The Response of Human Nasal and Bronchial Organotypic Tissue Cultures to Repeated Whole Cigarette Smoke Exposure

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 506-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja Talikka ◽  
Radina Kostadinova ◽  
Yang Xiang ◽  
Carole Mathis ◽  
Alain Sewer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Organotypic Tissue

Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is linked to the development of respiratory diseases, and there is a need to understand the mechanisms whereby CS causes damage. Although animal models have provided valuable insights into smoking-related respiratory tract damage, modern toxicity testing calls for reliable in vitro models as alternatives for animal experimentation. We report on a repeated whole mainstream CS exposure of nasal and bronchial organotypic tissue cultures that mimic the morphological, physiological, and molecular attributes of the human respiratory tract. Despite the similar cellular staining and cytokine secretion in both tissue types, the transcriptomic analyses in the context of biological network models identified similar and diverse biological processes that were impacted by CS-exposed nasal and bronchial cultures. Our results demonstrate that nasal and bronchial tissue cultures are appropriate in vitro models for the assessment of CS-induced adverse effects in the respiratory system and promising alternative to animal experimentation.

scholarly journals Prediction of Aerosol Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract via Computational Models: A Review with Recent Updates

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vu Khac Hoang Bui ◽  
Ju-Young Moon ◽  
Minhe Chae ◽  
Duckshin Park ◽  
Young-Chul Lee
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Aerosol Deposition ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract

The measurement of deposited aerosol particles in the respiratory tract via in vivo and in vitro approaches is difficult due to those approaches’ many limitations. In order to overcome these obstacles, different computational models have been developed to predict the deposition of aerosol particles inside the lung. Recently, some remarkable models have been developed based on conventional semi-empirical models, one-dimensional whole-lung models, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics models, and artificial neural networks for the prediction of aerosol-particle deposition with a high accuracy relative to experimental data. However, these models still have some disadvantages that should be overcome shortly. In this paper, we take a closer look at the current research trends as well as the future directions of this research area.

Humic-like substances in cigarette smoke condensate and lung tissue of smokers

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (4) ◽  
pp. L382-L388 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Ghio ◽  
J. Stonehuerner ◽  
D. R. Quigley
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Condensate ◽  
Free Radical Generation ◽  
Carboxylate Content ◽  
Radical Generation

Deposition of pigmented matter in the lower respiratory tract correlates with the extent of emphysema in smokers as well as with free radical generation and iron accumulation. Pulmonary emphysema is postulated to be mediated by free radical generation which is either directly or indirectly associated with cigarette smoke exposure. The hypothesis was tested that 1) incomplete combustion of tobacco yields humic-like substances (HLS) which 2) deposit in the lung as pigmented particulates, 3) complex iron cations in vitro and in vivo, and 4) have a capacity to catalyze oxidant formation. HLS, isolated by alkali extraction of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) (Tobacco Health Research Institute, University of Kentucky), demonstrated a high carbon and low carboxylate content on elemental and functional group analyses, respectively, compared with values for HLS sequestered from soils. The HLS isolated from CSC had a capacity to complex iron in vitro and accumulated the metal in vivo after intratracheal instillation in an animal model. Both HLS and its iron complex generated free radicals, and some portion of this oxidant generation was metal dependent. Lung tissue collected at autopsy from smokers contained HLS with an infrared spectrum almost identical to that of the material isolated from CSC. Associations between particulate deposition, metal accumulation, and free radical generation suggest a possible role of HLS in the induction of lung disease following cigarette exposure.

scholarly journals Assessment of an in vitro whole cigarette smoke exposure system: The Borgwaldt RM20S 8-syringe smoking machine

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Adamson ◽  
David Azzopardi ◽  
Graham Errington ◽  
Colin Dickens ◽  
John McAughey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Smoke Exposure ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Exposure System

scholarly journals Effects of Psa and F1 on the Adhesive and Invasive Interactions of Yersinia pestis with Human Respiratory Tract Epithelial Cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 5636-5644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengzhi Liu ◽  
Huaiqing Chen ◽  
Estela M. Galván ◽  
Melissa A. Lasaro ◽  
Dieter M. Schifferli
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Yersinia Pestis ◽  
Bacterial Adhesion ◽  
Wild Type Strain ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Uptake

ABSTRACT Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, expresses the Psa fimbriae (pH 6 antigen) in vitro and in vivo. To evaluate the potential virulence properties of Psa for pneumonic plague, an Escherichia coli strain expressing Psa was engineered and shown to adhere to three types of human respiratory tract epithelial cells. Psa binding specificity was confirmed with Psa-coated polystyrene beads and by inhibition assays. Individual Y. pestis cells were found to be able to express the capsular antigen fraction 1 (F1) concomitantly with Psa on their surface when analyzed by flow cytometry. To better evaluate the separate effects of F1 and Psa on the adhesive and invasive properties of Y. pestis, isogenic Δcaf (F1 genes), Δpsa, and Δcaf Δpsa mutants were constructed and studied with the three respiratory tract epithelial cells. The Δpsa mutant bound significantly less to all three epithelial cells compared to the parental wild-type strain and the Δcaf and Δcaf Δpsa mutants, indicating that Psa acts as an adhesin for respiratory tract epithelial cells. An antiadhesive effect of F1 was clearly detectable only in the absence of Psa, underlining the dominance of the Psa+ phenotype. Both F1 and Psa inhibited the intracellular uptake of Y. pestis. Thus, F1 inhibits bacterial uptake by inhibiting bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells, whereas Psa seems to block bacterial uptake by interacting with a host receptor that doesn't direct internalization. The Δcaf Δpsa double mutant bound and invaded all three epithelial cell types well, revealing the presence of an undefined adhesin(s) and invasin(s).

scholarly journals Linking increased airway hydration, ciliary beating, and mucociliary clearance through ENaC inhibition

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (1) ◽  
pp. L22-L32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika B. M. Åstrand ◽  
Martin Hemmerling ◽  
James Root ◽  
Cecilia Wingren ◽  
Jelena Pesic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Mucociliary Clearance ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Compound A

Airway dehydration causes mucus stasis and bacterial overgrowth in cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis (CB). Rehydration by hypertonic saline is efficacious but suffers from a short duration of action. We tested whether epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) inhibition would rehydrate normal and dehydrated airways to increase mucociliary clearance (MCC) over a significant time frame. For this, we used a tool compound (Compound A), which displays nanomolar ENaC affinity and retention in the airway surface liquid (ASL). Using normal human bronchial epithelial cultures (HBECs) grown at an air-liquid interface, we evaluated in vitro potency and efficacy using short-circuit current ( Isc) and ASL height measurements where it inhibited Isc and increased ASL height by ∼50% (0.052 μM at 6 h), respectively. The in vivo efficacy was investigated in a modified guinea pig tracheal potential difference model, where we observed an effective dose (ED50) of 5 μg/kg (i.t.), and by MCC measures in rats and sheep, where we demonstrated max clearance rates at 100 μg/kg (i.t.) and 75 μg/kg (i.t.), respectively. Acute cigarette smoke-induced ASL height depletion in HBECs was used to mimic the situation in patients with CB, and pretreatment prevented both cigarette smoke-induced ASL dehydration and lessened the decrease in ciliary beat frequency. Furthermore, when added after cigarette smoke exposure, Compound A increased the rate of ASL rehydration. In conclusion, Compound A demonstrated significant effects and a link between increased airway hydration, ciliary function, and MCC. These data support the hypothesis that ENaC inhibition may be efficacious in the restoration of mucus hydration and transport in patients with CB.

scholarly journals The BvgS PAS domain: an independent sensory perception module in theBordetellaBvgAS phosphorelay

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ashley Sobran ◽  
Peggy A. Cotter
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bordetella Pertussis ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Pas Domain ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract ◽  
Signal Perception ◽  
Two Component

AbstractTo detect and respond to the diverse environments they encounter, bacteria often use two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) to coordinate essential cellular processes required for survival. In pathogenicBordetellaspecies, the BvgAS TCS regulates expression of hundreds of genes, including those encoding all known protein virulence factors, and its kinase activity is essential for respiratory infection. Maintenance of BvgS kinase activity in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) depends on the function of another TCS, PlrSR. While the periplasmic venus fly-trap domains of BvgS have been implicated in responding to so-called modulating signalsin vitro(nicotinic acid and MgSO4), a role for the cytoplasmic Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain in signal perception has not previously been demonstrated. By comparingB. bronchisepticastrains with mutations in the PAS domain-encoding region ofbvgSwith wild-type bacteriain vitroandin vivo, we found that although the PAS domain is not required to sense modulating signalsin vitro, it is required for the inactivation of BvgS that occurs in the absence of PlrS in the LRT of mice, suggesting that the BvgS PAS domain functions as an independent signal perception domain. Our data also indicate that the BvgS PAS domain is important for controlling absolute levels of BvgS kinase activity and the efficiency of the response to modulating signalsin vitro. Our results indicate that BvgS is capable of integrating sensory inputs from both the periplasm and the cytoplasm to control precise gene expression patterns in diverse environmental conditions.ImportanceDespite high rates of vaccination, Pertussis, a severe, highly contagious respiratory disease, caused by the bacteriumBordetella pertussis, has reemerged as a significant health threat. InBordetella pertussisand the closely related species,Bordetella bronchiseptica, activity of the BvgAS two-component regulatory system is critical for colonization of the human respiratory tract and other mammalian hosts, respectively. Here we show that the cytoplasmic PAS domain of BvgS can function as an independent signal perception domain that is capable of integrating environmental signals that influence overall BvgS activity. Our work is significant as it reveals a critical, yet previously unrecognized role, for the PAS domain in the BvgAS phosphorelay and provides a greater understanding of virulence regulation inBordetella.

Cigarette smoke extract increases albumin flux across pulmonary endothelium in vitro

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 443-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Holden ◽  
J. M. Maier ◽  
M. R. Malinow
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Endothelial Permeability ◽  
Cigarette Smoke Exposure ◽  
Pulmonary Endothelium ◽  
Cytoskeletal Elements

Cigarette smoking causes lung inflammation, and a characteristic of inflammation is an increase in vascular permeability. To determine if cigarette smoke could alter endothelial permeability, we studied flux of radiolabeled albumin across monolayers of porcine pulmonary artery endothelium grown in culture on microporous membranes. Extracts (in either dimethylsulfoxide or phosphate-buffered saline) of cigarette smoke in a range estimate of concentrations simulating cigarette smoke exposure to the lungs in vivo caused a dose-dependent increase in albumin flux that was dependent on extracellular divalent cations and associated with polymerization of cellular actin. The effect was reversible, independent of the surface of endothelial cells exposed (either luminal or abluminal), and due primarily to components of the vapor phase of smoke. The effects occurred without evidence of cell damage, but subtle morphological changes were produced by exposure to the smoke extracts. These findings suggest that cigarette smoke can alter permeability of the lung endothelium through effects on cytoskeletal elements.

scholarly journals Parametric Optimization of an Air–Liquid Interface System for Flow-Through Inhalation Exposure to Nanoparticles: Assessing Dosimetry and Intracellular Uptake of CeO2 Nanoparticles

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Leibrock ◽  
Harald Jungnickel ◽  
Jutta Tentschert ◽  
Aaron Katz ◽  
Blaza Toman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Liquid Interface ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Inhalation Study ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Air Liquid Interface

Air–liquid interface (ALI) systems have been widely used in recent years to investigate the inhalation toxicity of many gaseous compounds, chemicals, and nanomaterials and represent an emerging and promising in vitro method to supplement in vivo studies. ALI exposure reflects the physiological conditions of the deep lung more closely to subacute in vivo inhalation scenarios compared to submerged exposure. The comparability of the toxicological results obtained from in vivo and in vitro inhalation data is still challenging. The robustness of ALI exposure scenarios is not yet well understood, but critical for the potential standardization of these methods. We report a cause-and-effect (C&E) analysis of a flow through ALI exposure system. The influence of five different instrumental and physiological parameters affecting cell viability and exposure parameters of a human lung cell line in vitro (exposure duration, relative humidity, temperature, CO2 concentration and flow rate) was investigated. After exposing lung epithelia cells to a CeO2 nanoparticle (NP) aerosol, intracellular CeO2 concentrations reached values similar to those found in a recent subacute rat inhalation study in vivo. This is the first study showing that the NP concentration reached in vitro using a flow through ALI system were the same as those in an in vivo study.

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