Enhancement of Glass Production Rate in Joule Heated Ceramic Melter

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Suneel ◽  
Chetan P. Kaushik ◽  
P. M. Satya Sai ◽  
J. K. Gayen ◽  
K. V. Ravi
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Glass Production ◽  
Radioactive Isotopes ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Ceramic Melter

Abstract In this research work, experimental studies and numerical simulation of Joule Heated Ceramic Melter (JHCM) used for vitrification of radioactive liquid waste (RLW) were carried out. The isolation of the long-lived radioactive isotopes by fixing them in suitable host matrix is the only practical approach adopted for conditioning of highly radioactive waste generated from the nuclear fuel cycle. RLW and preformed glass beads are added simultaneously on a molten glass pool maintained at 1000 °C in JHCM to form a product that is qualified for long term storage. The sequence and kinetics of different reactions taking place in JHCM were identified and calculated by carrying out Thermogravimetric Analysis of the radioactive species present in RLW at different heating rates. The effects of these constituents on the melter throughput and quality of the Vitrified Waste Product (VWP) produced were assessed. The foam generated during vitrification process has a major influence on the design of melters. The amount of foam generated was quantified and its influence on glass production rate was analyzed. Melt rate limitations were determined for JHCM based on the measured thermo-physical properties. Minimum residence time required for producing product of the desired specification is determined. A model is developed for determining the glass melting rates. Experiments were carried out for generating data required for validation of the model. The model predictions are compared with experimental results. The factors affecting the product throughput and quality are identified with an objective of reducing the residence time of the product thereby increasing the throughput. The effect of agitation on the rate of melting of glass was determined.

Neubestimmung der natürlichen irdischen Tritiumzerfallsrate und die Frage der Herkunft des „natürlichen“ Tritium

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Begemann
Keyword(s):  
Phase Shift ◽  
Decay Rate ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Cosmic Radiation ◽  
Sunspot Cycle ◽  
Energy Component ◽  
Tritium Content ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Snow Samples

The terrestrial decay rate of “natural” tritium has been re-determined from measurements of the tritium content of old snow samples from Greenland. The finding by CRAIG and BEGEMANN and LIBBY has been confirmed that the tritium decay rate is about 10 times higher than was anticipated previously.Two mechanisms to explain the discrepancy are discussed,a) production by the low energy component of the cosmic radiation andb) the accretion of solar tritium by the earth, as suggested by FELD and ARNOLD.It is shown that in case all the tritium is produced by cosmic radiation the tropospheric production rate may be expected to vary in antiphase with the sunspot cycle, whereas in case of accretion of solar tritium by the earth the variation should be in phase with the sunspot cycle. In both cases a phase shift between the stratospheric production rate and the amount of tropospheric tritium is to be expected because of the residence time of tritium in the stratosphere. A measurement of the phase shift should allow to determine this residence time.The data obtained on the Greenland samples appear to show such a variation of the production rate. The results can be explained best by assuming that all the tritium is produced by cosmic radiation. This result, however, is only preliminary. More systematic measurements are required to decide between the two possibilities.

Penerapan Teknologi Fitoremediasi untuk Menghilangkan Kadar COD dan TSS pada Air Buangan Industri Tahu

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Muhammad Al Kholif ◽  
Ida Istaharoh ◽  
Pungut ◽  
Joko Sutrisno ◽  
Sri Widyastuti
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Preliminary Test ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Initial Content

Tofu industrial wastewater is a contributor to environmental pollution. Wastewater contains high levels of COD and TSS. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of reducing pollutant loads in tofu liquid waste by using the phytoremediation method using water jasmine (Echinodorus Palaefolius). The initial stage of the research was a preliminary test to determine the initial content of the waste. The acclimatization process is carried out by observing the process of plant growth during the research process. To maximize plant growth, dilution is carried out with various concentrations of 25% wastewater with 75% diluting water and 50% wastewater with 50% diluting water. Sampling was carried out every 12 hours for 5 days. The results showed that the highest effectiveness of COD reduction occurred in RFT 25% with a residence time of 12 hours at 39.83%, while for TSS parameters the highest effectiveness was at RFT 25% with a residence time of 12 hours by 69%.

Preclinical Assessment of Nanostructured Liquid Crystalline Particles for the Management of Bacterial Keratitis: in-vivo and Pharmacokinetics Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreya Kaul ◽  
Upendra Nagaich ◽  
Navneet Verma
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Poloxamer 407 ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Statistical Experimental Design ◽  
Bacterial Keratitis

Abstract The research work was driven to develop novel nanostructured liquid crystalline particles of vancomycin for its improved pre-ocular residence time, ocular bio-availability, enhanced targeting, increased permeability, reduced dosing frequency, controlled drug release and reduced systemic side-effects. Formulation was developed by fragmenting cubic crystalline phase of glycerol monooleate, water and poloxamer 407. A four-factor, three-level Taguchi statistical experimental design was constructed to optimize the formulation. Formulations exhibited internal-cubic structure of the vesicles with particle size in the range of 51.11 ± 0.96 nm to 158.73 ± 0.46 nm and negative zeta potential. Ex-vivo transcorneal permeation studies demonstrated that the optimized cubosomes had 2.4-fold increase in apparent permeability co-efficient as compared to vancomycin solution. Whereas, in-vivo studies in rabbits demonstrated that the severity of keratitis was considerably lowered in day 3 with optimized cubosomes. Ocular pharmacokinetic studies evaluated level of drug in aqueous humor and results revealed that the time to peak concentration (Tmax) of vancomycin loaded cubosomal formulation was about 1.9-fold higher and mean residence time was 2.2-fold greater than vancomycin solution. Furthermore, histological examination revealed that the corneal layers displayed well-maintained morphology without any stromal swelling, consequently indicating safety of formulation. In conclusion, results manifested that the developed vancomycin loaded cubosomes could be a promising novel ocular carrier and an ideal substitute for conventional eye-drops for the management of bacterial-keratitis.

scholarly journals Experimental Studies on the Rheological and Hydraulic Performance of Palm Based Hydraulic Fluid

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. Wan Nik ◽  
F. Zulkifli ◽  
S. S. Lam ◽  
M. M. Rahman ◽  
A. A. Yusof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Hydraulic Performance ◽  
Pressure Increase ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Hydraulic Fluid ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Hydraulic Test

Development of environmental friendly hydraulic fluid has a major influence in ecologically benign environment. The use of plant oil as hydraulic fluid would help to minimize hazardous pollution caused by accidental spillage, lower disposal costs of the used fluid and meet the environmental regulations. Hydraulic test rig was built to conduct endurance test where it can be operated continuously with several safety features. This research was conducted to evaluate the rheology elements and hydraulic performance of palm based hydraulic fluid. The palm oil shows decreasing trend in volumetric efficiency as the pressure increase while the mechanical efficiency increases as the pressure increase. Properties and characteristics of palm based hydraulic fluid were evaluated via rheology study. The effect of viscosity with temperature and shear rate was studied. The influence of shear rate and temperature on the variation of viscosity was clearly observed but temperature has more significant influence. Interpretations of rheological models indicate that this palm based hydraulic fluid belongs to pseudo-plastic category. Further analysis was done to fit the experimental data with two models and the findings show that Cross rheological model fits well with the experiment data. The plant oil was used in 1000 hours operation in a hydraulic system built in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. The overall results suggest the potential substitution of palm oil as hydraulic fluid in marine applications.

scholarly journals Torrefaction of Napier Grass and Oil Palm Petiole Waste Using Drop-type Pyrolysis Reactor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syazmi Zul Arif Hakimi Saadon ◽  
Noridah Osman ◽  
Moviin Damodaran ◽  
Shan En Liew
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Pyrolysis Reactor ◽  
Parameter Ranges ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract Interest in torrefaction has improved along the recent years and it has been studied extensively as a mean of preparing solid fuels. Biomass to be considered as a renewable source of energy must endeavor improvement continuously and where it is more sustainable going forward in which can come from waste product, wild and cultivated plant. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature and residence time of wild Napier grass and Oil palm petiole from waste. The torrefied samples were derived by pyrolysis reactor mimicking torrefaction procedure. The temperature parameter ranges between 220 and 300 ℃ while residence time parameter is from 10 minutes to 50 minutes of reaction. It was found that as temperature and time increasing, moisture content and amount of O and H atoms decreases as well as both mass and energy yield, but calorific value and the energy density increase along with both two parameters. Between the two parameters, the temperature variation shows more significant changes to the torrefied samples as compared time. The optimized temperature and time are found to be 260 ℃ and 30 minutes, respectively. Remarkably, the usage of pyrolyzer as torrefaction reaction has proved to be a good option since they share similar characteristics while can also produce product with similar properties reflecting torrefaction process.

scholarly journals Ecological and physiological peculiarities of bryophytes on a post-technogenic salinized territory

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-348
Author(s):  
O. V. Lobachevska ◽  
N. Y. Kyyak ◽  
I. V. Rabyk
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Salicornia Europaea ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Bryum Argenteum ◽  
Storage Area

Taxonomic, biomorphological and ecological structures of bryophytes, their reproductive strategy and the main mechanisms of tolerance in the conditions of salinization were investigated. Bryophytes are the pioneers that have colonized the territory of a tailing storage that holds liquid waste from potassium-magnesium concentrate production of the Mining and Chemical Enterprise "Polymineral". Due to excess salts, the soil solution in the shore area of the tailing pond acquires high osmotic pressure. Three experimental plots which differed significantly in the level of the substrate salinity were laid at the distance of 3, 6 and 9 m from the reservoir for experimental studies. Water extracts of the substrates from the test sites showed the highest concentrations for sulfates – 10.4–64.6 mg Eq/100 g of soil and chlorides – 7.6–43.3 mg Eq/100 g of soil. It was established that the investigated areas of the tailing storage territory differed in the biochemical activity of the substrate, which was evaluated by its redox potential. On the areas of the uncovered substrate it was the lowest – 230 mV, which indicates anaerobiosis in conditions of very high salinization and moisture. Higher ROP values were determined at the sites of bryophyte cover distribution – 295–330 mV. The aim of the study was to determine the features of taxonomic, biomorphological and ecological structures of bryophytes, their reproductive strategy and to establish the main mechanisms of adaptation to the conditions of salinization on the tailing storage territory. 24 species and 3 varieties of bryophytes, belonging to 12 families and 16 genera were found on the shore of the tailing storage pond. The results of biomorphological and ecological analysis of bryophytes indicate the uneven conditions of the habitats and their considerable ecological plasticity. Among the bryophytes, mesophytes, xeromesophytes and meso-eutrophs, eutrophs with a life-form of low dense and loose turf dominated. In salinization conditions, dioicous acrocarpous mosses prevailed, the fertile turf of which, depending on the influence of abiotic factors, differed significantly in the number of sexual shoots, their ratio and productivity. Bulbils were found only on the tips of Bryum argenteum shoots. Along with Salicornia europaea L., a euhalophyte, the leading role in the initial stage of overgrowth of the tailing storage area most often belonged to Didymodon rigidulus, Bryum argenteum, Funaria hygrometrica and Barbula unguiculata. The process of formation of bryophyte cover occurred along a gradient of decrease in salt concentration at the experimental sites. Adaptation of bryophytes to substrate salinity is due to a change in metabolic processes, which is manifested in an increase of the total content of carbohydrates and an increase of the cation exchange capacity of moss cell walls, which is the primary barrier that reduces the toxic effect of ions under salt stress.

Extraction of Essential Oil Form Sweet Lime Orange Peel: A Comparison Study

2022 ◽  
Vol 1048 ◽  
pp. 468-475
Author(s):  
Santosh A. Kadapure ◽  
Poonam Kadapure ◽  
C. Anjali ◽  
Bhat Akansha ◽  
B. Sabera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Steam Distillation ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Comparison Study ◽  
Sweet Lime ◽  
Lime Peel

This research work was designed to extract essential oil from sweet lime peel (solid waste). The feed material selected for study is sweet lime peel. The disposal of waste product such as peels often has a legal restriction problem and treatment process involved requires higher costs. Transformation of this waste in to useful products could cut global treatment costs. Hence the objective of our experimental work was to convert sweet lime peel in to essential oil which is in huge demand in food, pharma and cosmetic industry. In our experimental work eextraction of essential oil was evaluated and comparison study was made between steam distillation, hydro-distillation, solvent extraction and hydro-steam distillation. Maximum extraction yield of 2.4 % was achieved at 90 min of contact by hydro-distillation. Hydro-distillation method offers advantages in comparison with other three methods in terms of energy saving, cleanliness and reduced waste water. Chemical constituents of essential oil samples were evaluated in terms of qualitative and quantitative analyses by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and physical techniques. The chemical profile includes thirty two components which were identified in the extracts by Gas chromatography-Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. The dominant component identified was limonene (65 .2 to 72.8%).

The use of phosphorus contents in yielding estimates of the proportion of trapped liquid in cumulates of the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex

1988 ◽  
Vol 52 (364) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grant Cawthorn ◽  
Kevin L. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Bushveld Complex ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Liquid Composition ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Mafic Rocks ◽  
Interstitial Component ◽  
Basic Rocks

AbstractPhosphorus contents in cumulus rocks occurring close to the level of apatite appearance in the basic rocks of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, provide a method of calculating the proportion of intercumulus component in these rocks. Previous experimental studies have accurately constrained the phosphorus content of magmas when apatite becomes stable. The ratio of the phosphorus content in the cumulates immediately below the appearance of apatite to this liquid composition defines the proportion of trapped liquid.Application of this method to rocks from the uppermost mafic rocks of the Bushveld Complex leads to the conclusion that there is from 1 to 6 per cent intercumulus component. Many of these rocks are multiphase cumulates and in such rocks estimation of intercumulus component from textural criteria is difficult.If crystals grow In situ on the floor of the magma chamber such small proportions of interstitial component can be produced without appealing to excessive diffusion and circulation of magma through an unconsolidated crystal pile. The geometry of the intrusion as well as its size might have a major influence on the proportion of the liquid ultimately solidifying within a cumulus rock.

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