Application of Sinusoidal Function and a 25–1 Fractional Factorial Array in the Kinetics and Optimization Study of Gmelina Seed Oil Modified Alkyd Resin Synthesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chigozie F. Uzoh ◽  
Okechukwu D. Onukwuli
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Alkyd Resin ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Molecular Properties ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Hard Time ◽  
Gmelina Seed Oil ◽  
Sinusoidal Function

Abstract An overnight dry hard alkyd resin has been designed from non-drying gmelina seed oil (GSO). The study was enhanced through pseudo combined array (PCA) and a dynamic data processor (DDP). The GSO modified alkyd resin was synthesized through a two stage alcoholysis-esterification method using glycerol, phthalic and maleic anhydride. The DDP was designed for the conversion of the GSO acid functional group in the alkyd reactor on the basis of the third order kinetic model and sinusoidal function. Models describing the molecular properties (conversion, viscosity and molecular weight average) in terms of the process parameters were derived from multiple regression by integrating a 25–1 fractional factorial array (FFA) in a central composite design (CCD) implemented with design expert. The fatty acid profile of the raw GSO was determined using GC-MS while structural elucidation of the raw GSO, chemically modified GSO and GSO based alkyd resins were determined using FTIR spectrometry. The synthesized alkyds show very good physic-chemico-mechanical properties. Specifically, the drying schedule shows that the GSO alkyd resin achieved a dry hard time of 8.3 h in presence of nano-ZnO pigment. The designed kinetic model was able to track the trajectory of the reaction motion such that the molecular properties falls within specification. The Optimum responses of 89.66 % conversion, viscosity of 293 cP and molecular weight average of 5,481 predicted, fall within the range suggested from the kinetic model. Correspondent experiments conducted with the predicted optimum conditions were in reasonable agreement with the predicted values.

scholarly journals Sea Almond as a Promising Feedstock for Green Diesel: Statistical Optimization and Power Rate Law Based Chemical Kinetics of Its Consecutive Irreversible Methanolysis

Prunus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chizoo Esonye ◽  
Okechukwu Donminic Onukwuli ◽  
Akuzuo Uwaoma Ofoefule ◽  
Cyril Sunday Ume ◽  
Nkiruka Jacintha Ogbodo
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Chemical Kinetics ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Statistical Optimization ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Rate Law ◽  
Power Rate ◽  
Order Kinetic Model

For successful industrial scale-up and effective cost analysis of transesterification process, presentation of complimentary research data from process optimization using statistical design techniques, chemical kinetics and thermodynamics are essential. Full factorial central composite design (FFCCD) was applied for the statistical optimization of base methanolysis of sea almond (Terminalia catappa) seed oil using response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with desirability function analysis on quadratic model. Reaction time had the most significant impact on the biodiesel yield. Optimum conditions for biodiesel yield of 93.09 wt% validated at 92.58 wt% were 50.03°C, 2.04 wt% catalyst concentration, 58.5 min and 4.66 methanol/oil molar ratio with overall desirability of 1.00. Ascertained fuel properties of the FAME were in compliance with international limits. GC–MS, FTIR and NMR characterizations confirmed unsaturation and good cold-flow qualities of the biodiesel. Based on power rate law, second-order kinetic model out-performed first-order kinetic model. Rate constants of the triglyceride (TG), diglycerides (DG) and monoglycerides (MG) hydrolysis were in the range of 0.00838–0.0409 wt%/min while activation energies were 12.76, 15.83 and 22.43 kcal/mol respectively. TG hydrolysis to DG was the rate determining step. The optimal conditions have minimal error and would serve as a springboard for industrial scale-up of biodiesel production from T. catappa seed oil.

Preparation and Comparative Analysis of Neem and Dehydrated Castor Seed Oil Alkyd Resin Paint Coatings

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 460-465
Author(s):  
Joshua Omowanle ◽  
◽  
Gbekeayo Ayo ◽  
James Habila
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Alkyd Resin ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Castor Seed ◽  
Paint Coatings

Synthesis of Functionalized Magnetite Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposite for Removal of Acid Fuchsine Dye

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 583-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Rahnama ◽  
Shahab Shariati ◽  
Faten Divsar
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Magnetic Core ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Sorption Data ◽  
Salt Addition ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Ft Ir

Objective: In this research, a novel magnetite titanium dioxide nanocomposite functionalized by amine groups (Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2-NH2) was synthesized and its ability for efficient removal of Acid Fuchsine as an anionic dye from aqueous solutions was investigated. Method: The core-shell structure of Fe3O4@SiO2@TiO2 was prepared using Fe3O4 as magnetic core, tetra ethyl orthosilicate as silica and tetra butyl titanate as titanium source for shell. The synthesized nanocomposites (particle size lower than 44 nm) were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, DRS, SEM and TGA instruments. The various experimental parameters affecting dye removal efficiency were investigated and optimized using Taguchi fractional factorial design. Results: The synthesized adsorbent showed the highest removal efficiency of Acid Fuchsine (99 %) at pH= 3.5, without salt addition and during stirring at contact times less than 10 minutes. The study of kinetic models at two concentration levels showed the fast dye sorption on the surface of proposed nanocomposites with pseudo second order kinetic model (R2=1). Also, the fitting of Acid Fuchsine sorption data to Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherms suggested that Freundlich model gave a better fitting than other models (R2=0.9936, n=2). Conclusion: Good chemical stability, excellent magnetic properties, very fast adsorption kinetics and high removal efficiency make the synthesized nanocomposite as a proper recoverable sorbent for removal of Acid Fuchsine dye from wastewaters.

scholarly journals Investigation of Seeds and Peels of Citrullus colocynthis as Efficient Natural Adsorbent for Methylene Blue Dye

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1279
Author(s):  
Wafa Mohammed Alghamdi ◽  
Ines El Mannoubi
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Langmuir Isotherm ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Citrullus Colocynthis ◽  
Natural Adsorbent ◽  
Spontaneous Process ◽  
Equilibrium Data ◽  
Order Kinetic Model ◽  
Mb Adsorption

Natural adsorbents as low-cost materials have been proved efficient for water remediation and have significant capacity for the removal of certain chemicals from wastewater. The present investigation aimed to use Citrullus colocynthis seeds (CCSs) and peels (CCPs) as an efficient natural adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) dye in an aqueous solution. The examined biosorbents were characterized using surface area analyzer (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to optimize the main factors influencing the biosorption process. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of MB by CCSs were best described by the Langmuir isotherm followed by the Freundlich adsorption isotherms, while the equilibrium data for MB adsorption by CCPs were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm followed by the Temkin isotherm. Under optimum conditions, the maximum biosorption capacity and removal efficiency were 18.832 mg g−1 and 98.00% for MB-CCSs and 4.480 mg g−1 and 91.43% for MB-CCPs. Kinetic studies revealed that MB adsorption onto CCSs obeys pseudo-first order kinetic model (K1 = 0.0274 min−1), while MB adsorption onto CCPs follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model (K2 = 0.0177 g mg−1 min−1). Thermodynamic studies revealed that the MB biosorption by CCSs was endothermic and a spontaneous process in nature associated with a rise in randomness, but the MB adsorption by CCPs was exothermic and a spontaneous process only at room temperature with a decline in disorder. Based on the obtained results, CCSs and CCPSs can be utilized as efficient, natural biosorbents, and CCSs is promising since it showed the highest removal percentage and adsorption capacity of MB dye.

A Kinetic Model for the Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Alcohols over a Sulfided Co−K−Mo/C Catalyst

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 2107-2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil K. Gunturu ◽  
Edwin L. Kugler ◽  
Jean B. Cropley ◽  
Dady B. Dadyburjor
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
High Molecular Weight

scholarly journals Kinetics and Thermodynamics Study of Ultrasound-Assisted Depolymerization of k-Carrageenan in Acidic Solution

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 280-289
Author(s):  
Ratnawati Ratnawati ◽  
Nita Indriyani
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Acidic Solution ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
Reaction Rate Constant ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Kinetics And Thermodynamics ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted

K-carrageenan is a natural polymer with high molecular weight ranging from 100 to 1000 kDa. The oligocarrageenan with low molecular weight is widely used in biomedical application. The aim of this work was to depolymerize k-carrageenan in an acidic solution with the assistance of ultrasound irradiation. The ultrasonication was conducted at various pH (3 and 6), temperatures (30-60 °C), and depolymerization time (0-24 minutes). The results show that the depolymerization reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetic model with reaction rate constant of 1.856×10-7 to 2.138×10-6 s-1. The reaction rate constant increases at higher temperature and lower pH. The Q10-temperature coefficients of the depolymerization are 1.25 and 1.51 for pH 6 and 3, respectively. The enthalpy of activation (ΔH‡) and the Gibbs energy of activation (ΔG‡) are positive, while the entropy of activation (ΔS‡) is negative, indicating that the activation step of the ultrasound-assisted depolymerization of k-carrageenan is endothermic, non-spontaneous, and the molecules at the transition state is more ordered than at the ground state. The ΔH‡ and the ΔS‡ are not affected by temperature, while the ΔG‡ is a weak function of temperature. The ΔH‡ and ΔS‡ become smaller at higher pH, while the ΔG‡ increases with the increase of pH. The kinetics and thermodynamics analysis show that the ultrasound-assisted depolymerization of k-carrageenan in acidic solution is possibly through three mechanisms, i.e. bond cleavage due to cavitational effect of microbubbles, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide, as well as proton. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved 

Critique of Jar Testing for the Design of Coagulation-Flocculation Systems

1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Szpak ◽  
Donald R. Woods ◽  
Kyle Bouchard
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Velocity Gradient ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Fractional Factorial Design ◽  
Number Concentration ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Clay Concentration ◽  
Acceptable Measure ◽  
Two Parameter ◽  
Clay Type

Abstract The effects of clay type and concentration, jar shape, paddle shape, rapid mix time and flocculation velocity gradient on batch, bench-scale jar tests of turbidity were studied using a fractional factorial design. The two-parameter kinetic model for flocculation of Agraman, Kaufman and Bratby was used. This model provided a good fit of the data when they were log-transformed. The variables that had a statistically significant effect on the kinetics constants for floc agglomeration and breakup were the interaction of clay concentration and flocculation velocity gradient, plus clay type combined with rapid-mix time. The jar shape and the paddle shapes did not have significant effects. The kinetic constants measured in this analysis agreed with those reported previously by Agraman and Kaufman. The work assumes that turbidity is an acceptable measure of the number concentration. The results confirm the usefulness of the kinetic model and emphasize the importance of testing the goodness-of-fit of the model before analyzing the data.

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