Assessment of iodine intake in mildly iodine-deficient pregnant women by a new automated kinetic urinary iodine determination method

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Gültepe ◽  
Ömer Özcan ◽  
Osman Metin İpçioglu
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Iodine Deficiency In Pregnancy ◽  
Iodine Determination ◽  
In Pregnancy

AbstractMaternal iodine deficiency can compromise the thyroid status of the mother, fetus and newborn child. Therefore, it is important to assess the iodine excretion level of groups of pregnant women. In this study we aimed to determine iodine intake in pregnancy using a recently reported automated kinetic method for urinary iodine determination. Urinary iodine measurements of 123 pregnant women (18 first, 28 second and 77 third trimester) were carried out using a new automated kinetic assay based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction at 37°C and its kinetic measurement at 340nm in a random-access automated analyzer after ammonium persulfate digestion at 95°C in a water bath with ±0.1°C precision. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS software. Whole group, first trimester, second trimester and third trimester urinary iodine concentrations (mean±SD) in pregnant women were 1.13±0.81, 1.08±0.71, 0.86±0.58 and 1.27±0.87μmol/L, respectively. The urinary iodine concentration significantly increased with gestational age (p<0.05). We found that our study group was mildly iodine-deficient according to WHO criteria. Furthermore, the pregnant women were found to be mildly iodine-deficient in the first and third trimesters and moderately so in the second trimester. The only statistical difference was between second and third trimester values (p<0.05). Even though the increased iodine deficiency in the second trimester is not useful for early detection of iodine deficiency in pregnancy, the severity of this deficiency in the second trimester may lead to important effects on thyroid metabolism for both mother and fetus. Our study suggests that the iodine excretion of pregnant women living in iodine-deficient areas could be assessed using this fast and automated method.

scholarly journals Moderate Iodine Deficiency Is Common in Pregnancy but Does Not Alter Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Function Tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Schiller ◽  
Arnon Agmon ◽  
Viviana Ostrovsky ◽  
Gabi Shefer ◽  
Hilla Knobler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Neonatal Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

IntroductionAn Israeli national survey found that 85% of pregnant women had urinary iodine content (UIC) levels below the adequacy range (&lt;150 µg/L). Widespread desalinated water usage and no national fortification plan are possible causes. Studies assessing relationships between iodine status and maternal and neonatal thyroid function provided varying results. Our aims were to determine whether iodine deficiency was associated with altered maternal or neonatal thyroid function and the factors leading to iodine deficiency.MethodsA cross-sectional study including 100 healthy women without prior thyroid disease, in their first trimester of a singleton pregnancy were recruited from an HMO clinic in central Israel. The women were followed from their first trimester. All women completed a 24-h dietary recall and life habits questionnaires. We tested for UIC, maternal and neonatal thyroid function, maternal autoantibodies, and neonatal outcomes.ResultsMedian UIC in our cohort was 49 µg/L [25%–75% interquartile range (IQR) 16-91.5 µg/L], with 84% below adequacy range. No correlation was found between iodine deficiency and maternal or neonatal thyroid function which remained within normal ranges. Antibody status did not differ, but thyroglobulin levels were significantly higher in iodine insufficient subjects. UIC was higher in women consuming an iodine containing supplement. There was no association between UIC and dietary iodine content or water source.ConclusionsModerate iodine deficiency is common in our healthy pregnant women population. Our data imply that moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy seem sufficient to maintain normal maternal and neonatal thyroid function.

scholarly journals Indicators of Iodine Status in Pregnancy and Postpartum in a Group of Pregnant Women from Perimarine Area of Romania

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Scrinic Olesea ◽  
Delia Corina Elena ◽  
Toma Geanina Mirela ◽  
Circo Eduard
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Creatinine ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Objective: Assessment of iodine nutritional status in pregnant women in the perimarine area of Romania, a region without iodine deficiency. Adequate iodine intake is the main source for normal thyroid function, ensuring the need for maternal thyroid hormones during pregnancy, but also for the development and growth of children in the fetal and postpartum period. Material and method: Prospective study performed on 74 pregnant women in the first 2 trimesters of pregnancy, originating from the perimarin area. The following indicators of iodine status were analyzed: urinary iodine concentration (UIC), the ratio between urinary iodine concentration and urinary creatinine (UIC/UCr), the prevalence of maternal goiter and the value of neonatal TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). Results: The mean gestational age was 11 weeks. The ways of iodine intake are: iodized salt - 59.4%, iodized salt and iodine supplements- 23%, only iodine supplements -10.8% and 6.8% consume only non-iodized salt. The median of UIC was 133.03 mcg/l considered insufficient iodine intake (normal in pregnancy UIC >150 mcg/l), but the adjustment of UIC to urinary creatinine reveals a median of 152.83 mcg/g, a value that reflects an adequate iodine intake. The prevalence of goiter was 25.6% characteristic for a moderate iodine deficiency. The prevalence of neonatal TSH >5 mIU/L was registered in 18.8% characteristic of mild iodine deficiency. Conclusions: Monitoring of the iodine nutritional status is recommended for the prevention of disorders due to iodine deficiency under the conditions of universal salt iodization. Perimarine areas considered sufficient in iodine may show variations in iodine status in subpopulations under certain physiological conditions, such as pregnancy. An indicator of iodine status of the population is UIC, but the UIC/UCr ratio may be a more optimal indicator for pregnant women, to avoid possible overestimated results of iodine deficiency in pregnancy.

scholarly journals Determination of Urinary Iodine Excretion to Assess Iodine Deficiency Disorder among Pregnant Women in District Hospital of Sindhupalchowk, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-123
Author(s):  
Vivek Kumar Singh ◽  
Anand Ballabh Joshi ◽  
Chitra Kumar Gurung ◽  
Megha Raj Banjara
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Status ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorder ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion

 Pregnant women and infants are risk populations of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Therefore, this study was designed to explore the status of IDD among pregnant women through the analysis of urinary iodine excretion (UIE). A total of 94 pregnant women from Chautara Hospital Sindhupalchowk were included to analyze UIE through Sandell-Kolthoff Reaction. Although the general clinical status of women was satisfactory, the urinary iodine excretion revealed that still, 18.0 percent of pregnant women in Sindhupalchowk had insufficient iodine intake. This indicates that pregnant women are still at risk of iodine deficiency disorder, and they should be in the priority population for the IDD prevention program.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency among Belgian pregnant women not fully corrected by iodine-containing multivitamins: a national cross-sectional survey

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2276-2284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Vandevijvere ◽  
Sihame Amsalkhir ◽  
Ahmed Bensouda Mourri ◽  
Herman Van Oyen ◽  
Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Low iodine intake during pregnancy may cause thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women and their newborn. In the present study, iodine status among a nation-wide representative sample of Belgian pregnant women in the first and third trimester of pregnancy was determined, and determinants of iodine status were assessed 1 year after the introduction of bread fortified with iodised salt. The women were selected according to a multistage proportionate-to-size sampling design. Urine samples were collected and a general questionnaire was completed face to face with the study nurse. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among pregnant women (n1311) was 124·1 μg/l and 122·6 μg/g creatinine when corrected for urinary creatinine. The median UIC in the first trimester (118·3 μg/l) was significantly lower than that in the third trimester (131·0 μg/l) but significantly higher than among non-pregnant women (84·8 μg/l). Iodine-containing supplement intake was reported by 60·8 % of the women and 57·4 % of the women took this supplement daily. The risk of iodine deficiency was significantly higher in younger women, in women not taking iodine-containing supplements, with low consumption of milk and dairy drinks and during autumn. Women with a higher BMI had a higher risk of iodine deficiency but the risk was lower in women who reported alcohol consumption. The median UIC during pregnancy indicates iodine deficiency in Belgium and some women are at a higher risk of deficiency. The current low iodine intake in women of childbearing age precludes the correction of iodine deficiency in pregnant women supplemented with multivitamins containing 150 μg iodine as recommended.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on iodine status among pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura: a North-Eastern state of India

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Nilratan Majumder ◽  
Balaram Sutradhar ◽  
Saradindu Riang ◽  
Shib Sekhar Datta
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Background: Due to excess metabolic demand of iodine in pregnancy, pregnant women and lactating mother and their neonates are most vulnerable of iodine deficiency disorder. Urinary iodine excretion is a good marker of recent dietary iodine intake. Thus, present study was conducted to assess the iodine status and median urinary iodine excretion (UIE μg/lit) among pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura.Methods: Tribal and Bengali pregnant and non-pregnant women from Bokafa and Jolaibari Block of South Tripura district were included in the study. Urinary iodine excretion was done using simple micro plate method. Salt iodine was estimated using iodometric titration. All the tests were performed at CNRT Lab, ICMR, India.Results: Total number of subjects included in this study was 1071. Total number of urine samples collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women was 538 and 533 respectively. Median value of UIE in pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura was 155.0µg/L and 130.0µg/L. In pregnant women percentage prevalence of severe (<20µg/L), moderate (20-49µg/L) and mild iodine deficiency (50-149µg/L) was found in 4.1%, 15.1% and 29.6% subjects. In case of non-pregnant women severe (<20µg/L), moderate (20-49µg/L) and mild iodine deficiency (50-99µg/L) was found in 0.6%, 9.6%, 27.8% subjects respectively. The overall prevalence of iodine deficiency was found in 48.8% pregnant women, compared to 38.0% non-pregnant subjects.Conclusions: Efforts towards universal salt iodization need to be stepped-up in Sub-Himalayan region (NE part of India) and pregnant and lactating mothers may be targeted with alternate iodine supplements (Colloidal Iodine).

scholarly journals Iodine status and thyroid parameters of pregnant women living in an iodine sufficient area

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 001-006
Author(s):  
Delshad Hossein ◽  
Mirmiran Parvin ◽  
Mehran Ladan ◽  
Tohidi Maryam ◽  
Azizi Fereidoun
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Group I ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group Ii

During the last few decades painstaking efforts have been made to eliminate iodine deficiency throughout the world. Todays in regions where dietary iodine intake is adequate or borderline, the main focus is increasing dietary iodine supply in the target population during pregnancy and the first years of life. Objective: The aim of this study was to obtain longitudinal data on urinary iodine excretion and the changes of maternal thyroid parameters in two groups of healthy women with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency and iodine sufficiency residing in an iodine replete area of Tehran capital city of IR Iran, for more than one decade. Research designs and methods: The present study is part of a cohort study, investigating the relative influences of iodine intake on thyroid size and function of mothers and their infants during and after pregnancy. A total of 500 pregnant women enrolled from two mother-child health care centers and was divided into group I, with median urinary iodine excretion (MUIE) < 150 µg/L, and group II with MUIE ≥ 150 µg/L. Sonographic thyroid volume measurement, urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function tests were measured sequentially in all pregnant women during the three trimesters (T) of pregnancy. Results: The mean ± SD age of the participants was 25.1 ± 5.1 years. The MUIE in group I and II in the first, second and third trimester were 123 and 250 µg/L, 127 and 166 µg/L, 120 and 150 µg/L, respectively. The MUIE in the third trimester of pregnancy in group I did not differ significantly from the values in the first and second trimesters (p = 0.67), but it did decline significantly in group II (p < 0.001). The median thyroid volume of subjects, in the first, second and third trimesters were 7.8, 8.2 and 8.1 ml in group I and 7.5, 8.0 and 8.4 ml in group II, respectively. No difference in thyroid volume was found between two groups in each of the three trimesters of pregnancy (p > 0.05). The mean (± SD) TSH concentration of subjects in first, second and third trimester was 2.3(± 2.6), 2.1(± 1.8), 2.3(± 1.7) mIU/L in group I and 2.1(± 3.1), 2.1(± 1.8) and 2.0(± 1.3) mIU/L in group II, respectively. The trend of TSH rising in group I was 26.7% and in group II it was 13.3%. The mean TSH value in three trimesters did not differ significantly in either groups (p > 0.05). The mean (± SD) total T4 concentrations of subjects in first, second and third trimesters were 13.2(± 3.4), 13.8(± 3.3), 13.0(± 2.9) µg/dl in group I and 13.1(± 3.2), 13.7(± 2.9), 13.4(± 3.2) µg/dl in group II, respectively. The mean total T4 value in three trimesters did not differ significantly in either groups (p > 0.05). There was no correlation between the thyroid volume and three observed parameters (UIE, total T4 and TSH) during the pregnancy in either groups. Conclusion: Even in areas with well-established universal salt iodization program, pregnancy could be a risk of having iodine deficiency and systematic dietary fortification needs to be implemented in this vulnerable group.

scholarly journals Mild to moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy: A matter of debate

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 018-026
Author(s):  
Delshad Hossein ◽  
Azizi Fereidoun
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Nutrition ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Iodine Deficiency In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

During the last few decades painstaking efforts have been made to eliminate iodine deficiency through the world. Nowadays in regions where dietary iodine intake is adequate or borderline, the main focus is increasing dietary iodine supply in the target population during pregnancy and the first years of life. Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy increases the risk of irreversible brain damage, intellectual disability, neurologic abnormalities, stunted growth, increased pregnancy loss, infant mortality, impairments in child development and cretinism. The potential effects of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency are debated. Results from animal studies and observational human studies indicate that maternal mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency disturbs thyroid function in pregnancy and it also may affects fetal neurodevelopment. The effect of supplementation of iodine on thyroid function of pregnant women and their newborn, neurodevelopment of infants and cognitive performance of children have been investigated using iodine nutrition in pregnancy, based on median urinary iodine concentration. However they have found conflicting results regarding the benefits or harms of iodine supplementation in pregnancy. Although many epidemiological, interventional and clinical studies have supported the association between thyroid function in pregnant women and later psychomotor and mental development of their children, the effect of iodine supplementation in pregnant women on neurodevelopment of children is inconclusive. Even in areas with well-established universal salt iodization program, pregnancy could be at risk of having iodine deficiency and despite WHO/ICCIDD/UNICEF recommendation which believe that dietary iodine fortification during pregnancy depends primarily on the extent of pre-existing iodine deprivation, systematic dietary fortification needs to be implemented in this vulnerable group. However, iodine supplementation of mildly iodine deficient pregnant women may not have beneficial effects in their thyroid function or neurodevelopment of their children.

scholarly journals Urinary iodine excretion in pregnant women residing in areas with adequate iodine intake

2003 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Azizi ◽  
A Aminorroya ◽  
M Hedayati ◽  
H Rezvanian ◽  
M Amini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran

AbstractObjective:Pregnancy is accompanied by profound alterations in thyroid economy and relative iodine deficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate urinary iodine excretion of pregnant women in cities with adequate and more than adequate iodine intake.Methods:A cross-sectional study was performed on schoolchildren and pregnant women in four cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Urinary iodine excretion was measured for 438 schoolchildren and 403 pregnant women. In addition, in Isfahan City, thyroid volume was measured by sonography for 30 pregnant women in each trimester of pregnancy and for 90 non-pregnant women who also had urinary iodine measurement.Results:Median urinary iodine of schoolchildren was 31.2, 25.0, 20.2 and 19.3 μg/dl in Rasht, Isfahan, Ilam and Tehran, respectively. Corresponding values for pregnant women were 33.8, 21.2, 19.0 and 18.6μg/dl. The percentage of pregnant women with urinary iodine below 20μg/dl was 16, 45, 55 and 54, and below 10μg/dl was 1, 7, 7 and 13, in Rasht, Isfahan, Ilam and Tehran, respectively. In Isfahan, urinary iodine was significantly decreased in the third trimester of pregnancy, compared with controls. Mean thyroid volume was 7.8±3.1 ml and 7.8±2.8 ml in pregnant and non-pregnant women, respectively.Conclusion:Recommended values for dietary iodine through universal salt iodisation may not be adequate for pregnant women, and the specific problem of iodine and pregnancy should be considered further in the light of the latest recommendations.

Maternal iodine status and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration: a community survey in Songkhla, southern Thailand

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2279-2284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somchit Jaruratanasirikul ◽  
Pasuree Sangsupawanich ◽  
Ounjai Koranantakul ◽  
Prasin Chanvitan ◽  
Prasit Ruaengrairatanaroj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Southern Thailand ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

AbstractObjectiveTo determine iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion (UIE) in a group of pregnant Thai women and the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in their neonates.DesignA prospective cohort study.SettingThree districts of Songkhla, southern Thailand.SubjectsTwo hundred and thirty-six pregnant women.ResultsA quarter of the participants lacked knowledge of iodine and the prevention of iodine deficiency, although 70 % used iodized salt. Those who did not use iodized salt stated that they had no knowledge about iodine (57 %) and no iodized salt was sold in their village (36 %). The median iodine intake in the three districts was 205–240 μg/d, with 53–74 % of pregnant women having iodine intake <250 μg/d. The median UIE in the three districts was 51–106 μg/l, with 24–35 % having UIE < 50 μg/l. The mean neonatal TSH was 2·40 (sd1·56) mU/l, with 8·9 % of neonates having TSH > 5 mU/l.ConclusionsThe studied women and their fetuses were at risk of mild iodine deficiency. About a quarter of the participants lacked knowledge of the importance of iodine. Education regarding the importance of iodine supplements and the promotion of iodized salt should be added to national health-care policies in order to prevent iodine-deficiency disorders, diseases that are subclinical but have long-term sequelae.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency in pregnant women living in the South East of the UK: the influence of diet and nutritional supplements on iodine status

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 1622-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah C. Bath ◽  
Alan Walter ◽  
Andrew Taylor ◽  
John Wright ◽  
Margaret P. Rayman
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
World Health ◽  
The South ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
The Uk

Iodine is a key component of the thyroid hormones which are crucial for brain development. Adequate intake of iodine in pregnancy is important as in utero deficiency may have lifelong consequences for the offspring. Data on the iodine status of UK pregnant women are sparse, and there are no such data for pregnant women in the South East of the UK. A total of 100 pregnant women were recruited to a cross-sectional study carried out at the Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, at their first-trimester visit for an ultrasound scan. The participants provided a spot-urine sample (for the measurement of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and creatinine concentration) and 24 h iodine excretion was estimated from the urinary iodine:creatinine ratio. Women completed a general questionnaire and a FFQ. The median UIC (85·3 μg/l) indicated that the group was iodine deficient by World Health Organisation criteria. The median values of the iodine:creatinine ratio (122·9 μg/g) and of the estimated 24 h iodine excretion (151·2 μg/d) were also suggestive of iodine deficiency. UIC was significantly higher in women taking an iodine-containing prenatal supplement (n 42) than in those not taking such a supplement (P< 0·001). In the adjusted analyses, milk intake, maternal age and iodine-containing prenatal supplement use were positively associated with the estimated 24 h urinary iodine excretion. Our finding of iodine deficiency in these women gives cause for concern. We suggest that women of childbearing age and pregnant women should be given advice on how to improve their iodine status through dietary means. A national survey of iodine status in UK pregnant women is required.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document