REGULATION OF URIC ACID SYNTHESIS IN EMBRYONIC LIVER AND KIDNEY

1987 ◽  
pp. 397-402
Author(s):  
J. Wittmann ◽  
A. Mengi ◽  
S. Kraußer
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Embryonic Liver ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Effect of Riboflavin Deficiency on the Metabolism of Oxypurines in Chicks

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1059-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Chou
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Xanthine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Uric Acid Concentration ◽  
Riboflavin Deficiency ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Riboflavin Deficient

Day-old broiler chicks of both sexes were used in three experiments to determine the effect of riboflavin deficiency on oxypurine metabolism catalyzed by xanthine dehydrogenase, a riboflavin-containing enzyme. Chicks fed a riboflavin-deficient diet (1.38 mg/kg) for 3 weeks exhibited depressed growth and a high incidence of curled-toe paralysis (higher than 80%) as compared to control chicks (15.1 mg riboflavin per kilogram diet; no incidence of curled-toe paralysis). In addition, the precursors of uric acid, hypoxanthine and/or xanthine, accumulated in the liver and kidney of deficient chicks showing curled-toe paralysis. These observations show that dietary riboflavin being incorporated into xanthine dehydrogenase is essential for oxypurine metabolism. Moreover in the chick, the liver and the kidney may be important sites of uric acid synthesis. The low uric acid concentration in the plasma of the deficient chicks appeared to be indicative of a disturbance in uric acid synthesis in the liver and kidney.

Metabolism of the Black Snake Embryo

1953 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
HUGH CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
K Value ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Hatching Time ◽  
Urea Content ◽  
Foetal Liver ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Post Deposition

1. Post-deposition growth of the black snake embryo is characterized by k values as follows: days 1-11, 0.46; days 11-34, 0.057; days 34-67, 0.039. 2. Total excreted nitrogen is 12.55 mg. occurring successively in development as ammonia, urea and uric acid; k value of total nitrogen production is 0.062, days 11-67, which in comparison with those of growth during this period suggest that stored protein is an energy source during a large part of development. 3. Urea is excreted into the albumen which is the principal storage reservoir and into the yolk; that which is excreted into the yolk is reabsorbed after the 45th day and re-deposited in the albumen as urea, and is in part (22%) converted to uric acid. 4. Concentration of urea in the yolk and yolk-sac continues to increase at the same rate after the 11th day (k = 0.024), although the actual amount declines after the 45th day; concentration in the embryonic tissues increases to the 58th day, then decreases sharply to hatching time; concentration in the albumen increases throughout development, reaching a concentration of approximately 500 mg.%. 5. Uric acid synthesis is believed to be preceded by urea formation, and the presence of urease in the foetal liver and kidney suggest that the urea is hydrolysed to ammonia which is then incorporated into uric acid. Site of the transformation is uncertain, though the early and persistent localization of uric acid in the chorio-allantoic membrane points to this as the organ of synthesis. Decrease in total urea content is quantitatively identical with increase in uric acid. 6. The significance of these findings in relation to development of the vertebrate cleidoic egg is discussed.

Natural Products and Extracts as Xantine Oxidase Inhibitors – A Hope for Gout Disease?

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilkay Erdogan Orhan ◽  
Fatma Sezer Senol Deniz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Intermediate Compound ◽  
Living System ◽  
Ginsenoside Rd ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Urate Crystal ◽  
High Concentrations

: Xanthine oxidase (EC 1.17.3.2) (XO) is one of the main enzymatic sources that create reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the living system. It is a dehydrogenase enzyme that performs electron transfer to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ), while oxidizing hypoxanthin, which is an intermediate compound in purine catabolism, first to xanthine and then to uric acid. XO turns into an oxidant enzyme that oxidizes thiol groups under certain stress conditions in the tissue. The last metabolic step, in which hypoxanthin turns into uric acid, is catalyzed by XO. Uric acid, considered a waste product, can cause kidney stones and gouty-type arthritis as it is crystallized, when present in high concentrations. Thus, XO inhibitors are one of the drug classes used against gout, a purine metabolism disease that causes urate crystal storage in the joint and its surroundings caused by hyperuricemia. Urate-lowering therapy include XO inhibitors that reduce uric acid production as well as uricosuric drugs that increase urea excretion. Current drugs that obstruct uric acid synthesis through XO inhibition are allopurinol, febuxostat, and uricase. However, since the side effects, safety and tolerability problems of some current gout medications still exist; intensive research is ongoing to look for new, effective, and safer XO inhibitors of natural or synthetic origins for the treatment of the disease. In the present review, we aimed to assess in detail XO inhibitory capacities of pure natural compounds along with the extracts from plants and other natural sources via screening Pubmed, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, and Google Academic. The data pointed out to the fact that natural products, particularly phenolics such as flavonoids (quercetin, apigenin, and scutellarein), tannins (agrimoniin and ellagitannin), chalcones (melanoxethin), triterpenes (ginsenoside Rd and ursolic acid), stilbenes (resveratrol and piceatannol), alkaloids (berberin and palmatin) have a great potential for new XO inhibitors capable of use against gout disease. In addition, not only plants but other biological sources such as microfungi, macrofungi, lichens, insects (silk worms, ants, etc) seem to be the promising sources of novel XO inhibitors.

scholarly journals TOTAL MERCAPTURIC ACID SYNTHESIS BY LIVER AND KIDNEY

1954 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 695-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon C. Mills ◽  
John L. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Mercapturic Acid ◽  
Liver And Kidney

The concurrent therapeutic potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells on Gentamycin-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A Rawash ◽  
Ayman Saber Mohamed ◽  
Emad M El-Zayat
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Daily Injection ◽  
Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Therapy Option

Background: Adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) are a type of stem cell employed to repair damaged organs. This study aimed to see how effective AMSCs are at treating gentamycin-induced hepatorenal damage in rats. Methods: 18 male Wister rats were assigned into three groups; control, Gentamycin (GM), and GM+AMSCs. GM induced hepatorenal toxicity through daily injection (100 mg/kg, i.p.) for eight days. On day 9, AMSC (106 cells/ml/rat) was injected intravenously. Results : Creatinine, urea, uric acid, AST, ALP, ALT, TNF-, and MDA levels decreased, whereas IL-10, GSH, and CAT levels increased, indicating the therapeutic potency of intravenous injection AMSCs. Conclusion: The current study demonstrated the simultaneous therapeutic efficacy of adipose mesenchymal stem cells on the liver and kidney in the treatment of Gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity. These data show that AMSCs could be a feasible therapy option for liver and kidney disease.

Serum apolipoprotein A-1 is related to inflammatory factors in the acute phase of gout

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoyu Zhang ◽  
Yuan Wang ◽  
Xiaoxia Jia ◽  
Lin Mu ◽  
Xiaobo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Acid Level ◽  
Serum Uric Acid Level ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Apolipoprotein A ◽  
Increase Blood Glucose ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Abstract BACKGROUNDTo observe the correlation between serum apolipoprotein A-1(apoA-1) and inflammatory factors in patients with gouty arthritis. METHODSFrom February to September 2020, 97 patients with gout (gout group) and 70 healthy controls (control group) were selected as the study subjects，who were admitted to the outpatient department of Beijing lu he hospital affiliated to capital medical university.97 patients in the gout group were in the acute phase. Serum concentrations of apoA-1, NLRP3 inflammasome （NACHT-LRR-PYD protein 3,NLRP3), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-9 (IL-9) were detected. The correlation of serum apoA-1 concentration, gout related inflammatory factors (NLRP3, IL-1 beta, IL-9) and other clinical and laboratory indicators was analyzed. RESULTSThe serum apoA-1 concentration in the gout group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). With the increase of serum uric acid level, serum apoA-1 concentration decreased（R2=-0.3160，P<0.05）. Multiple linear analyses were performed to increase blood glucose, blood lipid, liver and kidney, etc, and the correlation remained（OR=-3.36，P<0.05）. With the increase of serum IL-1 beta concentration, serum apoA-1 concentration decreased（R2=-0.3993，P<0.05）. Multiple linear analyses were performed to increase blood glucose, blood lipid, liver and kidney, etc., and the correlation remained（OR=-2.95，P<0.05）. CONCLUSIONSIn the acute stage of gout, as the serum uric acid level increases, the serum IL-1β concentration increases and the apoA-1 concentration gradually decreases, which may indicate that apoA-1 participates in the inflammatory response of gout to a certain extent.

In vitro studies of uric acid synthesis in insects

1955 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann D. Anderson ◽  
R. L. Patton
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
In Vitro Studies

Quantitation of renal uric acid synthesis in the chicken

1978 ◽  
Vol 234 (5) ◽  
pp. F446-F451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Y. Chin ◽  
A. J. Quebbemann
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Activity Ratio ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Portal Circulation ◽  
Dilution Technique ◽  
Renal Metabolism ◽  
Isotope Dilution Technique

The contribution of uric acid synthesized in the kidney (nephrogenic uric acid) to the total uric acid excreted in the urine was studied in the chicken by use of the isotope-dilution technique. In the nonfasted chicken the urine-to-plasma specific activity ratio (SAR) of [14C]uric acid was 0.83, suggesting that a minimum of 17% of the uric acid excreted in the urine is synthesized in the kidney. During allopurinol infusion into the renal portal circulation of one kidney the SAR increased to 0.99, indicating that the renal synthesis of uric acid was almost completely inhibited and that the SAR is a valid indicator of the contribution of nephrogenic uric acid excreted into the urine without first entering the circulation. Chickens fasted for 18 h showed a lower rate of renal synthesis of uric acid. Hypoxanthine infusion into the systemic circulation increased the rate of renal synthesis of uric acid in both fasted and nonfasted chickens, suggesting that circulating precursor levels may in part regulate the renal synthesis of uric acid. kidney; specific activity ratio; allopurinol; renal metabolism Submitted on July 14, 1977

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