The Mitochondrial Genome In Oenothera Berteriana: A Unique Genetic Code And Exchange Of Genetic Information Between Plastids And Mitochondria In Higher Plants

1983 ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Brennicke ◽  
Rudolf Hiesel ◽  
Paul Blanz
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Higher Plants

scholarly journals Variation in plastid genomes in the gynodioecious species Silene vulgaris

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Krüger ◽  
Oushadee A. J. Abeyawardana ◽  
Miloslav Juříček ◽  
Claudia Krüger ◽  
Helena Štorchová
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Silene Vulgaris ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Plastid Genomes

Abstract Background Gynodioecious species exist in two sexes – male-sterile females and hermaphrodites. Male sterility in higher plants often results from mitonuclear interaction between the CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility) gene(s) encoded by mitochondrial genome and by nuclear-encoded restorer genes. Mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded transcriptomes in females and hermaphrodites are intensively studied, but little is known about sex-specific gene expression in plastids. We have compared plastid transcriptomes between females and hermaphrodites in two haplotypes of a gynodioecious species Silene vulgaris with known CMS candidate genes. Results We generated complete plastid genome sequences from five haplotypes S. vulgaris including the haplotypes KRA and KOV, for which complete mitochondrial genome sequences were already published. We constructed a phylogenetic tree based on plastid sequences of S. vulgaris. Whereas lowland S. vulgaris haplotypes including KRA and KOV clustered together, the accessions from high European mountains diverged early in the phylogram. S. vulgaris belongs among Silene species with slowly evolving plastid genomes, but we still detected 212 substitutions and 112 indels between two accessions of this species. We estimated elevated Ka/Ks in the ndhF gene, which may reflect the adaptation of S. vulgaris to high altitudes, or relaxed selection. We compared depth of coverage and editing rates between female and hermaphrodite plastid transcriptomes and found no significant differences between the two sexes. We identified 51 unique C to U editing sites in the plastid genomes of S. vulgaris, 38 of them in protein coding regions, 2 in introns, and 11 in intergenic regions. The editing site in the psbZ gene was edited only in one of two plastid genomes under study. Conclusions We revealed no significant differences between the sexes in plastid transcriptomes of two haplotypes of S. vulgaris. It suggests that gene expression of plastid genes is not affected by CMS in flower buds of S. vulgaris, although both sexes may still differ in plastid gene expression in specific tissues. We revealed the difference between the plastid transcriptomes of two S. vulgaris haplotypes in editing rate and in the coverage of several antisense transcripts. Our results document the variation in plastid genomes and transcriptomes in S. vulgaris.

scholarly journals Variation in plastid genomes and transcriptomes in the gynodioecious species Silene vulgaris

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Krüger ◽  
Oushadee A.J. Abeyawardana ◽  
Miloslav Juricek ◽  
Claudia Krüger ◽  
Helena Storchova
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Silene Vulgaris ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Plastid Genomes

Abstract Background Gynodioecious species exist in two genders – male-sterile females and hermaphrodites. Male sterility in higher plants often results from mitonuclear interaction between the CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility) gene(s) encoded by mitochondrial genome and by nuclear-encoded restorer genes. Mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded transcriptomes in females and hermaphrodites are intensively studied, but little is known about gender-specific gene expression in plastids. We have compared plastid transcriptomes between females and hermaphrodites in two haplotypes of a gynodioecious species Silene vulgaris with known CMS candidate genes. Results We generated complete plastid genome sequences from five haplotypes S. vulgaris including the haplotypes KRA and KOV, for which complete mitochondrial genome sequences were already published. We constructed a phylogenetic tree based on plastid sequences of S. vulgaris. Whereas lowland S. vulgaris haplotypes including KRA and KOV clustered together, the accessions from high European mountains diverged early in the phylogram. S. vulgaris belongs among Silene species with slowly evolving plastid genomes, but we still detected 212 substitutions and 112 indels between two accessions of this species. We estimated elevated Ka/Ks in the ndhF gene, which may reflect the adaptation of S. vulgaris to high altitudes, or relaxed selection. We compared depth of coverage and editing rates between female and hermaphrodite plastid transcriptomes and found no significant differences between the two genders. We identified 51 unique C to U editing sites in the plastid genomes of S. vulgaris, 38 of them in protein coding regions, 2 in introns, and 11 in intergenic regions. The editing site in the psbZ gene was edited only in one of two plastid genomes under study. Conclusions We revealed no significant differences between the genders in plastid transcriptomes of two haplotypes of S. vulgaris. It suggests that gene expression of plastid genes is not affected by CMS in flower buds of S. vulgaris, although both genders may still differ in plastid gene expression in specific tissues. We revealed the difference between the plastid transcriptomes of two S. vulgaris haplotypes in editing rate and in the coverage of several antisense transcripts. Our results document the variation in plastid genomes and transcriptomes in S. vulgaris.

scholarly journals Genetic code and number theory

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Branko Dragovich
Keyword(s):  
Number Theory ◽  
Genetic Code ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Life Science ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Universe

Living organisms are the most complex, interesting and significant objects regarding all substructures of the universe. Life science is regarded as a science of the 21st century and one can expect great new discoveries in the near futures. This article contains an introductory brief review of genetic information, its coding and translation of genes to proteins through the genetic code. Some theoretical approaches to the modelling of the genetic code are presented. In particular, connection of the genetic code with number theory is considered and the role of p-adic numbers is underlined.

scholarly journals Alternative Biochemistries for Alien Life: Basic Concepts and Requirements for the Design of a Robust Biocontainment System in Genetic Isolation

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Diwo ◽  
Nediljko Budisa
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Code ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Genetic Isolation ◽  
Universal Genetic Code ◽  
Synthetic Life ◽  
Beneficial Traits ◽  
Genetic Pool ◽  
Almost All

The universal genetic code, which is the foundation of cellular organization for almost all organisms, has fostered the exchange of genetic information from very different paths of evolution. The result of this communication network of potentially beneficial traits can be observed as modern biodiversity. Today, the genetic modification techniques of synthetic biology allow for the design of specialized organisms and their employment as tools, creating an artificial biodiversity based on the same universal genetic code. As there is no natural barrier towards the proliferation of genetic information which confers an advantage for a certain species, the naturally evolved genetic pool could be irreversibly altered if modified genetic information is exchanged. We argue that an alien genetic code which is incompatible with nature is likely to assure the inhibition of all mechanisms of genetic information transfer in an open environment. The two conceivable routes to synthetic life are either de novo cellular design or the successive alienation of a complex biological organism through laboratory evolution. Here, we present the strategies that have been utilized to fundamentally alter the genetic code in its decoding rules or its molecular representation and anticipate future avenues in the pursuit of robust biocontainment.

scholarly journals Variation in plastid genomes in the gynodioecious species Silene vulgaris

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Krüger ◽  
Oushadee A.J. Abeyawardana ◽  
Miloslav Juricek ◽  
Claudia Krüger ◽  
Helena Storchova
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Silene Vulgaris ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Plastid Genomes

Abstract Background Gynodioecious species exist in two genders – male-sterile females and hermaphrodites. Male sterility in higher plants often results from mitonuclear interaction between the CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility) gene(s) encoded by mitochondrial genome and by nuclear-encoded restorer genes. Mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded transcriptomes in females and hermaphrodites are intensively studied, but little is known about gender-specific gene expression in plastids. We have compared plastid transcriptomes between females and hermaphrodites in two haplotypes of a gynodioecious species Silene vulgaris with known CMS candidate genes. Results We generated complete plastid genome sequences from five haplotypes S. vulgaris including the haplotypes KRA and KOV, for which complete mitochondrial genome sequences were already published. We constructed a phylogenetic tree based on plastid sequences of S. vulgaris. Whereas lowland S. vulgaris haplotypes including KRA and KOV clustered together, the accessions from high European mountains diverged early in the phylogram. S. vulgaris belongs among Silene species with slowly evolving plastid genomes, but we still detected 212 substitutions and 112 indels between two accessions of this species. We estimated elevated Ka/Ks in the ndhF gene, which may reflect the adaptation of S. vulgaris to high altitudes, or relaxed selection. We compared depth of coverage and editing rates between female and hermaphrodite plastid transcriptomes and found no significant differences between the two genders. We identified 51 unique C to U editing sites in the plastid genomes of S. vulgaris, 38 of them in protein coding regions, 2 in introns, and 11 in intergenic regions. The editing site in the psbZ gene was edited only in one of two plastid genomes under study. Conclusions We revealed no significant differences between the genders in plastid transcriptomes of two haplotypes of S. vulgaris. It suggests that gene expression of plastid genes is not affected by CMS in flower buds of S. vulgaris, although both genders may still differ in plastid gene expression in specific tissues. We revealed the difference between the plastid transcriptomes of two S. vulgaris haplotypes in editing rate and in the coverage of several antisense transcripts. Our results document the variation in plastid genomes and transcriptomes in S. vulgaris.

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