Microcontroller memory capability assessment and variant selection for reducing the cost of mechatronics

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
C. Quigley ◽  
R.P. Jones ◽  
R. McMurran ◽  
P. Faithfull
Keyword(s):  
Variant Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost

Cost-reducing traits for agonistic head collisions: a case for neurophysiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J Tobiansky ◽  
Kira M Long ◽  
Jordan E Hamden ◽  
Jeffrey D Brawn ◽  
Matthew J Fuxjager
Keyword(s):  
Head Trauma ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Computational Studies ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Impact Head

Abstract Many animal species have evolved extreme behaviors requiring them to engage in repeated high-impact collisions. These behaviors include mating displays like headbutting in sheep and drumming in woodpeckers. To our knowledge, these taxa do not experience any notable acute head trauma, even though the deceleration forces would cause traumatic brain injury in most animals. Previous research has focused on skeletomuscular morphology, biomechanics, and material properties in an attempt to explain how animals moderate these high-impact forces. However, many of these behaviors are understudied, and most morphological or computational studies make assumptions about the behavior without accounting for the physiology of an organism. Studying neurophysiological and immune adaptations that co-vary with these behaviors can highlight unique or synergistic solutions to seemingly deleterious behavioral displays. Here, we argue that selection for repeated, high-impact head collisions may rely on a suite of coadaptations in intracranial physiology as a cost-reducing mechanism. We propose that there are three physiological systems that could mitigate the effects of repeated head trauma: (i) the innate neuroimmune response, (ii) the glymphatic system, and (iii) the choroid plexus. These systems are interconnected yet can evolve in an independent manner. We then briefly describe the function of these systems, their role in head trauma, and research that has examined how these systems may evolve to help reduce the cost of repeated, forceful head impacts. Ultimately, we note that little is known about cost-reducing intracranial mechanisms making it a novel field of comparative study that is ripe for exploration.

Reducing the cost of beef production through the genetic improvement of net feed efficiency

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 45-45
Author(s):  
R.M. Herd ◽  
J.A. Archer ◽  
P.F. Arthur ◽  
E.C. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Animal Production Systems

Feed is the single largest cost in most animal production systems. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is a commonly used measure of growth efficiency. Previous research has shown that FCR is moderately heritable and highly related to growth rate. While selection for FCR is beneficial to those feeding growing cattle for slaughter, any associated increase in the size of breeding females will mean this benefit will be at a cost to the calf breeder, as larger breeding cows require more feed.

scholarly journals Understanding sex differences in the cost of terrestrial locomotion

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1729) ◽  
pp. 826-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Lees ◽  
Robert L. Nudds ◽  
Lars P. Folkow ◽  
Karl-Arne Stokkan ◽  
Jonathan R. Codd
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Female Data ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Lagopus Muta ◽  
The Cost

Little is known regarding the physiological consequences of the behavioural and morphological differences that result from sexual selection in birds. Male and female Svalbard rock ptarmigans ( Lagopus muta hyperborea ) exhibit distinctive behavioural differences during the breeding season. In particular, males continuously compete for and defend territories in order to breed successfully, placing large demands on their locomotor system. Here, we demonstrate that male birds have improved locomotor performance compared with females, showing both a lower cost of locomotion (CoL) and a higher top speed. We propose that the observed sex differences in locomotor capability may be due to sexual selection for improved male performance. While the mechanisms underlying these energetic differences are unclear, future studies should be wary when pooling male and female data.

scholarly journals Selection for plasmid post–segregational killing depends on multiple infection: evidence for the selection of more virulent parasites through parasite–level competition

2005 ◽  
Vol 272 (1561) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Cooper ◽  
J. A. Heinemann
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Virulence Determinant ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Parasite Reproduction ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Is the virulence of parasites an outcome of optimized infection? Virulence has often been considered an inevitable consequence of parasite reproduction when the cost incurred by the parasite in reducing the fitness of its current host is offset by increased infection of new hosts. More recent models have focused on how competition occurring between parasites during co–infection might effect selection of virulence. For example, if co–infection was common, parasites with higher intrinsic growth rates might be selected, even at the expense of being optimally adapted to infect new hosts. If growth rate is positively correlated with virulence, then competition would select increased virulence. We tested these models using a plasmid–encoded virulence determinant. The virulence determinant did not contribute to the plasmid's reproduction within or between hosts. Despite this, virulent plasmids were more successful than avirulent derivatives during selection in an environment allowing within–host competition. To explain these findings we propose and test a model in which virulent parasites are selected by reducing the reproduction of competitors.

scholarly journals Selection for antibiotic resistance is reduced when embedded in a natural microbial community

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uli Klümper ◽  
Mario Recker ◽  
Lihong Zhang ◽  
Xiaole Yin ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Microbial Community ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Natural Microbial Community ◽  
Cost Of Resistance ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractAntibiotic resistance has emerged as one of the most pressing, global threats to public health. In single-species experiments selection for antibiotic resistance occurs at very low antibiotic concentrations. However, it is unclear how far these findings can be extrapolated to natural environments, where species are embedded within complex communities. We competed isogenic strains of Escherichia coli, differing exclusively in a single chromosomal resistance determinant, in the presence and absence of a pig fecal microbial community across a gradient of antibiotic concentration for two relevant antibiotics: gentamicin and kanamycin. We show that the minimal selective concentration was increased by more than one order of magnitude for both antibiotics when embedded in the community. We identified two general mechanisms were responsible for the increase in minimal selective concentration: an increase in the cost of resistance and a protective effect of the community for the susceptible phenotype. These findings have implications for our understanding of the evolution and selection of antibiotic resistance, and can inform future risk assessment efforts on antibiotic concentrations.

scholarly journals PENGGUNAAN AHP UNTUK PEMILIHAN METODE PERENCANAAN ANTARA KONVENSIONAL DENGAN BIM PADA REDESIGN PROYEK KONSTRUKSI

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-273
Author(s):  
Iwan Supriyadi ◽  
Aland Hasbi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Planning Method ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Method Selection ◽  
Global Weight ◽  
Training Cost ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost

Abstract  During the construction projects, delays usually happen which are mainly caused by reworks, where 60% of reworks are caused by design failure. Since designs have a major impact on construction projects, there are methods to correctly create a design. Three methods of planning that can be done are conventional, semi-conventional, and BIM methods. The three methods have both advantages and disadvantages. Decision making for method selection for redesigning is very crucial to avoid delays to a project. The three main criteria in method selection are cost, time, and system. This research was done to decide the main criteria, sub-criteria, and an alternative in decision making of method selection for redesigning through the use of AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and analyze conditions on the field with the result of AHP analysis. The result showed that cost was the main criterion with a weight if 0.40 and the sub-criterion for the cost was the HR  training cost with a global weight of 0.21. Alternative planning method selected was the BIM method with a global weight of 0.66. The result of field analysis showed that BIM planning method was 60.4% faster than the conventional method with an increase of training cost by 62.5%. The conclusion of this research was that BIM planning method was more efficient than conventional and semi-conventional planning in the process of re-design.Key words: Re-design, Conventional, BIM, AHPAbstrak Pada pelaksanaan proyek konstruksi, keterlambatan dengan rework menjadi penyebab utama dimana 60% penyebab Rework disebabkan oleh kesalahan desain. Besarnya dampak desain pada proyek konstruksi maka berbagai cara dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan proses desain dengan tepat. Tiga metode perencanaan yang dapat dilakukan yaitu Metode Konvensional, Metode Semi Konvensional, dan Metode BIM. Ketiga metode perencanaan tersebut sama-sama memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan. Pengambilan keputusan saat pemilihan metode perencanaan pada pekerjaan re-design sangat krusial dalam mengurangi keterlambatan proyek. Banyaknya variabel dan kurangnya kriteria obyektif menyulitkan proses pemilihan metode perencanaan re-design. Tiga kriteria utama dalam proses pengambilan keputusan dalam pemilihan metode perencanaan re-design yaitu biaya, waktu, sistem. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan kriteria utama, subkriteria dan alternatif dalam penentuan pengambilan keputusan dalam pemilihan metode perencanaan re-design dengan menggunakan metode AHP (Analytical Hirerachy Process) dan menganalisa kondisi di lapangan dengan hasil analisis AHP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan biaya menjadi kriteria utama dengan bobot sebesar 0.40 dan subkriteria yang terpilih adalah biaya pelatihan SDM dengan bobot global sebesar 0.21. Alternatif metode perencanaan yang dipilih adalah metode perencanaan BIM dengan bobot global sebesar 0.66. Hasil analisis lapangan juga menunjukan bahwa metode perencanaan BIM lebih cepat 60.4% dari metode perencanaan konvensional dengan peningkatan biaya pelatihan sebesar 62.5%. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Metode Perencanaan BIM lebih efisien daripada Perencanaan Konvensional maupun semi-konvensional dalam pengerjaan re-design.Kata kunsi : Re-design, Konvensional, BIM, AHP

scholarly journals Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP): Surgery without Using a 3-Way Catheter

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. e3-e9
Author(s):  
Adam Jones ◽  
Syed Ali Ehsanullah ◽  
Amerdip Birring ◽  
Connor Gascoigne ◽  
Sid Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transurethral Resection ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Transurethral Resection Of Prostate ◽  
Transfusion Rate ◽  
Bladder Irrigation ◽  
Clot Retention ◽  
Unique Experience ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Level Hospital

  Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) continues to be an effective intervention for certain indications; and this procedure is still one of the most commonly performed in urology. The use of a 3-way catheter with continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) post-TURP is widely practiced in a bid to prevent clot retention. We report our unique experience with the use of 2-way urethral catheters post-TURP surgery.   Methodology Data was prospectively collected for 143 consecutive patients who underwent a bipolar TURP between July 2015 and October 2017. The following outcomes where measured and compared against the literature: resection time, resected weight, haemoglobin level, hospital stay, catheterization days, transfusion rate and complications. Results Two-way 18-French catheters were used in 132/143 (91.7%) patients. The remaining 11/143 (8.3%) patients had a 3-way 22-French catheter and CBI immediately post-TURP. There were no incidences of clot retention requiring a return to theatre. There were 2/132 (1.5%) patients requiring transfusion who received 2-way catheterization. The average resection time was 44.8 (10-100) minutes, with a mean resected weight of 22.8 (2.0-70.0) grams. Post-operatively, we found minimal drop in haemoglobin levels, with a fall of 0.7 g/dL on average, with a range of 0.1-3.4 g/dL. Mean length of stay following TURP was 1.45 days (1-18), and 101/132 (76.5%) of patients had a successful trial without catheter on the first post-operative day. Conclusion Our outcomes compare favorably with the published data. This study suggests it may be possible to reduce the cost and resources associated with the use of 3-way catheters and CBI post-TURP surgery by using a 2-way catheter instead. Despite this, appropriate patient selection for this novel technique needs to be adopted. Our results would suggest that patients with smaller prostates or limited resections might be suitable for a 2-way urethral catheter post-TURP.

scholarly journals Same-sex sexual behavior and selection for indiscriminate mating

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A Lerch ◽  
Maria R Servedio
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Optimal Strategy ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Time And Energy

The widespread presence of same-sex sexual behavior (SSB) has long been thought to pose an evolutionary conundrum1-3, as participants in SSB suffer the cost of failing to reproduce after expending the time and energy to find a mate. The potential for SSB to occur as part of an optimal strategy has received almost no attention, although indiscriminate sexual behavior may be the ancestral mode of sexual reproduction4. Here, we build a simple model of sexual reproduction and create a theoretical framework for the evolution of indiscriminate sexual behavior. We provide strong support for the hypothesis that SSB is likely maintained by selection for indiscriminate sexual behavior, by showing that indiscriminate mating is the optimal strategy under a wide range of conditions. Further, our model suggests that the conditions that most strongly favor indiscriminate mating were likely present at the origin of sexual behavior. These findings have implications not only for the evolutionary origins of SSB, but also for the evolution of discriminate sexual behavior across the animal kingdom.

scholarly journals An evolutionary resolution of manipulation conflict

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio González-Forero
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Delayed Dispersal ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Maternal Manipulation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost

Individuals can manipulate the behavior of social partners. However, manipulation may conflict with the fitness interests of the manipulated individuals. Manipulated individuals can then be favored to resist manipulation, possibly reducing or eliminating the manipulated behavior in the long run. I use a mathematical model to show that conflicts where manipulation and resistance coevolve can disappear as a result of the coevolutionary process. I find that while manipulated individuals are selected to resist, they can simultaneously be favored to express the manipulated behavior at higher efficiency (i.e., providing increasing fitness effects to recipients of the manipulated behavior). Efficiency can increase to a point at which selection for resistance disappears. This process yields an efficient social behavior that is induced by social partners, and over which the inducing and induced individuals are no longer in conflict. A necessary factor is costly inefficiency. I develop the model to address the evolution of advanced eusociality via maternal manipulation (AEMM). The model predicts AEMM to be particularly likely in taxa with ancestrally imperfect resistance to maternal manipulation. Costly inefficiency occurs if the cost of delayed dispersal is larger than the benefit of exploiting the maternal patch. I discuss broader implications of the process. Now published in: Evolution, doi:10.1111/evo.12420

scholarly journals Early CU Depth Decision and Reference Picture Selection for Low Complexity MV-HEVC

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Khan ◽  
Nazeer Muhammad ◽  
Shabieh Farwa ◽  
Tanzila Saba ◽  
Zahid Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
High Efficiency Video Coding ◽  
Coding Efficiency ◽  
Temporal Location ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Coding Unit ◽  
Base View

The Multi-View extension of High Efficiency Video Coding (MV-HEVC) has improved the coding efficiency of multi-view videos, but this comes at the cost of the extra coding complexity of the MV-HEVC encoder. This coding complexity can be reduced by efficiently reducing time-consuming encoding operations. In this work, we propose two methods to reduce the encoder complexity. The first one is Early Coding unit Splitting (ECS), and the second is the Efficient Reference Picture Selection (ERPS) method. In the ECS method, the decision of Coding Unit (CU) splitting for dependent views is made on the CU splitting information obtained from the base view, while the ERPS method for dependent views is based on selecting reference pictures on the basis of the temporal location of the picture being encoded. Simulation results reveal that our proposed methods approximately reduce the encoding time by 58% when compared with HTM (16.2), the reference encoder for MV-HEVC.

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