International harmonisation of side impact standards: vehicle design and thoracic injury criteria trends

2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kent ◽  
Jeff Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Side Impact ◽  
Thoracic Injury ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
International Harmonisation

Development of Side Impact Thoracic Injury Criteria and Their Application to the Modified ES-2 Dummy with Rib Extensions (ES-2re)

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashi Kuppa ◽  
Rolf H. Eppinger ◽  
Felicia Mckoy ◽  
Thuvan Nguyen ◽  
Frank A. Pintar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Impact ◽  
Thoracic Injury ◽  
Injury Criteria

A Numerical Analysis of Pre-Deployment Effect of Side-Impact Airbags in Reducing Occupant Injuries

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Yang Tay ◽  
Rasoul Moradi ◽  
Hamid M. Lankarani
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Acceleration Sensors ◽  
Head Injury Criteria ◽  
Occupant Injuries

Side impact collisions represent the second greatest cause of fatality in motor vehicle accidents. Side-impact airbags (SABs), though not mandated by NHTSA, have been installed in recent model year vehicle due to its effectiveness in reducing passengers’ injuries and fatality rates. However, the increase in number of frontal and side airbags installed in modern vehicles has concomitantly led to the rise of airbag related injuries. A typical side-impact mechanical or electronic sensor require much higher sensitivity due to the limited crush zones making SABs deployment more lethal to out-of-position passengers and children. Appropriate pre-crash sensing needs to be utilized in order to properly restraint passengers and reduce passengers’ injuries in a vehicle collision. A typical passenger vehicle utilizes sensors to activate airbag deployment when certain crush displacement, velocity and or acceleration threshold are met. In this study, it is assumed that an ideal pre-crash sensing system such as a combination of proximity and velocity and acceleration sensors is used to govern the SAB pre-deployment algorithm. The main focus of this paper is to provide a numerical analysis of the benefit of pre-deploying SAB in lateral crashes in reducing occupant injuries. The effectiveness of SABs at low and high speed side-impact collisions are examined using numerical Anthropomorphic Test Dummy (ATD) model. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is primarily used to evaluate this concept. Velocities ranging from 33.5mph to 50mph are used in the FEA simulations. The ATD used in this test is the ES-2re 50th percentile side-impact dummy (SID). Crucial injury criteria such as Head Injury Criteria (HIC), Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI), and thorax deflection are computed for the ATD and compared against those from a typical airbag system without pre-crash sensing. It is shown that the pre-deployment of SABs has the potential of reducing airbag parameters such as deployment velocity and rise rate that will directly contribute to reducing airbag related injuries.

scholarly journals Biomechanics of side impact: Injury criteria, aging occupants, and airbag technology

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narayan Yoganandan ◽  
Frank A. Pintar ◽  
Brian D. Stemper ◽  
Thomas A. Gennarelli ◽  
John A. Weigelt
Keyword(s):  
Side Impact ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Impact Injury

Limiting performance of seat belt systems for the prevention of thoracic injuries

2000 ◽  
Vol 214 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Crandall ◽  
Z Cheng ◽  
W. D. Pilkey
Keyword(s):  
Seat Belt ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Thoracic Injury ◽  
Thoracic Injuries ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Injury Model ◽  
Frontal Crashes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Initial Impulse ◽  
Belt System

The theoretically optimal performance of seat belt systems for occupants in automobile frontal crashes is investigated based on a two-mass injury model of the thorax. The performance is measured by thoracic injury criteria which include the maximum chest acceleration, compression and viscous response. The relationship between the best possible performance (limiting performance) of the seat belt system and the distance between the occupant and the interior components of the vehicle is displayed in the form of trade-off curves, which can be used for the evaluation of seat belt performance. The characteristics of the optimal seat belt force and the kinematics of the system are illustrated. The results indicate that the optimal seat belt force is not constant during an impact and that an initial impulse is required. However, constant seat belt force can provide thoracic restraint that is close to the optimal solution.

Comparison and evaluation of contemporary restraint systems in the driver and front-passenger environments

2001 ◽  
Vol 215 (11) ◽  
pp. 1147-1159 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Kent ◽  
J. R. Crandall ◽  
J. R. Bolton ◽  
S. M. Duma
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Thoracic Injury ◽  
Global Maximum ◽  
Thoracic Injuries ◽  
Injury Prediction ◽  
Front Passenger ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Frontal Collisions

Restrained driver and passenger kinematics and injury outcome in frontal collisions are compared using US fatality field data and post-mortem human surrogate sled tests. The fatality data indicate that a frontal airbag may provide greater benefit for a passenger than for a driver. The thoracic injuries sustained by passenger-side surrogates restrained by a force-limited, pre-tensioned belt and airbag are evaluated, and kinematics are compared with driver-side subjects exposed to a similar impact. Driver and passenger kinematic differences are identified and the implications are discussed with respect to the injury-predictive ability of existing thoracic injury criteria. The chest acceleration of the passenger-side subjects exhibited a bimodal profile with an initial (and global) maximum before the subject loaded the airbag. A second acceleration peak occurred as the subject loaded both the belt and the airbag. A similarly restrained driver-side subject loaded the belt and airbag concurrently at the time of peak chest acceleration and therefore did not exhibit this biomodal chest acceleration. While the injury-causing or injury-mitigating significance of this bimodal response is not known, its significance with respect to thoracic injury prediction is discussed.

Head and Neck Injury Risk Criteria-Based Robust Design for Vehicular Crashworthiness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Balu Nellippallil ◽  
Parker R. Berthelson ◽  
Luke Peterson ◽  
Raj K. Prabhu
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Robust Design ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Neck Injury ◽  
Side Impact ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Injury Criteria ◽  
Head And Neck Injury ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Government agencies, globally, often strive to minimize the risk of human death and serious injury on road transport systems. Multi-national projects like Vision Zero have been developed with this objective in mind. Therefore, from an engineering design standpoint, the minimization of these road impact effects on occupants becomes a major design goal. This necessitates a need to quantify and manage injury risks on the human body in terms of different vehicular impact variables and their associated uncertainties for different crash scenarios. In this paper, we present a decision-based robust design framework to quantify and manage the impact-based injury risks on occupants for different computational model-based car crash scenarios. The key functionality offered is the designer’s capability to carry out robust design studies with a focus on managing the selected impact variables and associated uncertainties, such that injury risks are controlled within acceptable levels. The efficacy of the framework is tested for near side impact scenarios with impact velocity and angle of impact as the critical variables of interest. Two injury criteria, namely, Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and Lateral Neck Injury Criteria (Lateral Nij) are selected to quantitatively measure the head and neck injury risks in crash simulations. Using the framework, a robust design problem is formulated to explore the combination of impact variables that best satisfice the injury goals defined. The framework and associated design constructs are generic and support the formulation and decision-based robust design of vehicle impact scenarios for managing injury risks.

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