A hypothesis for the elimination of necrotic cell components: the elimination of necrotic cell components and the development of autoimmune diseases

Giant mitochondria of various shapes and with different internal structures and matrix density have been observed in a great number of tissues including nerves. In most instances, the presence of giant mitochondria has been associated with a known disease or with abnormal physiological conditions such as anoxia or exposure to cytotoxic compounds. In these cases degenerative changes occurred in other cell organelles and, therefore the giant mitochondria also were believed to be induced structural abnormalities.Schwann cells ensheating unmyelinated axons of bovine splenic nerve regularly contain giant mitochondria in addition to the conventional smaller type (Fig. 1). These nerves come from healthy inspected animals presumed not to have been exposed to noxious agents. As there are no drastic changes in the small mitochondria and because other cell components also appear reasonably well preserved, it is believed that the giant mitochondria are normally present jin vivo and have not formed as a post-mortem artifact.

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Further Studies on the Ultrastructure of Harderian Gland in Adult Rats

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100051451 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 288-289

Author(s):

Alfredo Feria-Velasco ◽

Guadalupe Tapia-Arizmendi

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Domestic Fowl ◽

Animal Species ◽

Acinar Cells ◽

Harderian Gland ◽

Myoepithelial Cells ◽

The Other ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Cell Components

The fine structure of the Harderian gland has been described in some animal species (hamster, rabbit, mouse, domestic fowl and albino rats). There are only two reports in the literature dealing on the ultrastructure of rat Harderian gland in adult animals. In one of them the author describes the myoepithelial cells in methacrylate-embbeded tissue, and the other deals with the maturation of the acinar cells and the formation of the secretory droplets. The aim of the present work is to analize the relationships among the acinar cell components and to describe the two types of cells located at the perifery of the acini.

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High-pressure freezing and freeze substitution of plant tissue

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100124148 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 748-749

Author(s):

William P. Sharp ◽

Robert W. Roberson

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Freeze Substitution ◽

Crystal Formation ◽

Ice Crystal ◽

High Pressure Freezing ◽

Cell Components ◽

Cold Metal ◽

Brome Grass

The aim of ultrastructural investigation is to analyze cell architecture and relate a functional role(s) to cell components. It is known that aqueous chemical fixation requires seconds to minutes to penetrate and stabilize cell structure which may result in structural artifacts. The use of ultralow temperatures to fix and prepare specimens, however, leads to a much improved preservation of the cell’s living state. A critical limitation of conventional cryofixation methods (i.e., propane-jet freezing, cold-metal slamming, plunge-freezing) is that only a 10 to 40 μm thick surface layer of cells can be frozen without distorting ice crystal formation. This problem can be allayed by freezing samples under about 2100 bar of hydrostatic pressure which suppresses the formation of ice nuclei and their rate of growth. Thus, 0.6 mm thick samples with a total volume of 1 mm3 can be frozen without ice crystal damage. The purpose of this study is to describe the cellular details and identify potential artifacts in root tissue of barley (Hordeum vulgari L.) and leaf tissue of brome grass (Bromus mollis L.) fixed and prepared by high-pressure freezing (HPF) and freeze substitution (FS) techniques.

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The Advantages of Cryotechniques: Application To Bioluminescent Cells

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010018118x ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 486-487

Author(s):

Gisèle Nicolas ◽

Jean-Marie Bassot ◽

Marie-Thérèse Nicolas

Keyword(s):

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Striated Muscle ◽

Light Emission ◽

Stable State ◽

Freeze Substitution ◽

Initial Step ◽

Point Of Interest ◽

Cell Components ◽

Excellent Preservation ◽

External Water

The use of fast-freeze fixation (FFF) followed by freeze-substitution (FS) brings substantial advantages which are due to the extreme rapidity of this fixation compared to the conventional one. The initial step, FFF, physically immobilizes most molecules and therefore arrests the biological reactions in a matter of milliseconds. The second step, FS, slowly removes the water content still in solid state and, at the same time, chemically fixes the other cell components in absence of external water. This procedure results in an excellent preservation of the ultrastructure, avoids osmotic artifacts,maintains in situ most soluble substances and keeps up a number of cell activities including antigenicities. Another point of interest is that the rapidity of the initial immobilization enables the capture of unstable structures which, otherwise, would slip towards a more stable state. When combined with electrophysiology, this technique arrests the ultrastructural modifications at a well defined state, allowing a precise timing of the events.We studied the epithelium of the elytra of the scale-worm, Harmothoe lunulata which has excitable, conductible and bioluminescent properties. The intracellular sites of the light emission are paracrystals of endoplasmic reticulum (PER), named photosomes (Fig.1). They are able to flash only when they are coupled with plasma membrane infoldings by dyadic or triadic junctions (Fig.2) basically similar to those of the striated muscle fibers. We have studied them before, during and after stimulation. FFF-FS showed that these complexes are labile structures able to diffentiate and dedifferentiate within milliseconds. Moreover, a transient network of endoplasmic reticulum was captured which we have named intermediate endoplasmic reticulum (IER) surrounding the PER (Fig.1). Numerous gap junctions are found in the membranous infoldings of the junctional complexes (Fig.3). When cryofractured, they cleave unusually (Fig.4-5). It is tempting to suggest that they play an important role in the conduction of the excitation.

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Laryngeal Manifestations of Autoimmune Diseases

Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups ◽

10.1044/2020_persp-19-00168 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 439-456

Author(s):

Jenny L. Pierce

Keyword(s):

Autoimmune Disease ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Patient Outcomes ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Upper Airway ◽

Clinical Implications ◽

Laryngeal Function ◽

The Past ◽

Referral Practices ◽

Timely Referral

Purpose This review article provides an overview of autoimmune diseases and their effects on voice and laryngeal function. Method A literature review was conducted in PubMed. Combinations of the following keywords were used: “autoimmune disease and upper airway,” “larynx,” “cough,” “voice,” “dysphonia,” and “dyspnea.” Precedence was given to articles published in the past 10 years due to recent advances in this area and to review articles. Ultimately, 115 articles were included for review. Results Approximately 81 autoimmune diseases exist, with 18 of those highlighted in the literature as having laryngeal involvement. The general and laryngeal manifestations of these 18 are discussed in detail, in addition to the clinical implications for a laryngeal expert. Conclusions Voice, breathing, and cough symptoms may be an indication of underlying autoimmune disease. However, these symptoms are often similar to those in the general population. Appropriate differential diagnosis and timely referral practices maximize patient outcomes. Guidelines are provided to facilitate correct diagnosis when an autoimmune disease is suspected.

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