Modelling fuel consumption and pollutant emissions based on real-world driving patterns: the HBEFA approach

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter De Haan ◽  
Mario Keller
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real World ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Driving Patterns

scholarly journals Characterization of Real-World Pollutant Emissions and Fuel Consumption of Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks with Latest Emissions Control

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Keramydas ◽  
Leonidas Ntziachristos ◽  
Christos Tziourtzioumis ◽  
Georgios Papadopoulos ◽  
Ting-Shek Lo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real World ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Heavy Duty Diesel ◽  
Diesel Trucks ◽  
The Impact

Heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) comprise a key source of road transport emissions and energy consumption worldwide mainly due to the growth of road freight traffic during the last two decades. Addressing their air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions is therefore required, while accurate emission factors are needed to logistically optimize their operation. This study characterizes real-world emissions and fuel consumption (FC) of HDDTs and investigates the factors that affect their performance. Twenty-two diesel-fueled, Euro IV to Euro VI, HDDTs of six different manufacturers were measured in the road network of the Hong Kong metropolitan area, using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). The testing routes included urban, highway and mixed urban/highway driving. The data collected corresponds to a wide range of driving, operating, and ambient conditions. Real-world distance- and energy-based emission levels are presented in a comparative manner to capture the effect of after-treatment technologies and the role of the evolution of Euro standards on emissions performance. The emission factors’ uncertainty is analyzed. The impact of speed, road grade and vehicle weight loading on FC and emissions is investigated. An analysis of diesel particulate filter (DPF) regenerations and ammonia (NH3) slip events are presented along with the study of Nitrous oxide (N2O) formation. The results reveal deviations of real-world HDDTs emissions from emission limits, as well as the significant impact of different operating and driving factors on their performance. The occasional high levels of N2O emissions from selective catalytic reduction equipped HDDTs is also revealed, an issue that has not been thoroughly considered so far.

Effects of biodiesel on passenger car fuel consumption, regulated and non-regulated pollutant emissions over legislated and real-world driving cycles

Fuel ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 88 (9) ◽  
pp. 1608-1617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Fontaras ◽  
Georgios Karavalakis ◽  
Marina Kousoulidou ◽  
Theodoros Tzamkiozis ◽  
Leonidas Ntziachristos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real World ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Driving Cycles

scholarly journals Assessment of technologies to reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of modern passenger cars in real - world driving conditions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Γεώργιος Τριανταφυλλόπουλος
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real World ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Reduce Fuel Consumption ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Driving Conditions ◽  
Avl Cruise

Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής αποτυπώθηκαν οι εκπομπές και η κατανάλωση καυσίμου πολλών οχημάτων σε διάφορες συνθήκες οδήγησης και διερευνήθηκαν οι τεχνολογίες μείωσής τους. Η επίπτωση συμβατικών τεχνολογιών μείωσης κατανάλωσης εξετάστηκε με μοντελοποιήσεις κύκλων οδήγησης NEDC, WLTP, CADC σε ένα βενζινοκίνητο και ένα πετρελαιοκίνητο όχημα χρησιμοποιώντας την πλατφόρμα AVL Cruise. Οι τεχνολογίες που εξετάστηκαν περιλαμβάνουν ανάκτηση ενέργειας φρεναρίσματος, σύστημα start-stop, μείωση μάζας οχήματος, μείωση αεροδυναμικών αντιστάσεων, μείωση αντιστάσεων κύλισης, αλλαγές στο κιβώτιο ταχυτήτων και βελτιώσεις στην απόδοση του κινητήρα. Κάθε τεχνολογία έχει διαφορετική επίδραση σε κάθε κύκλο οδήγησης, ενώ η συνολική μείωση κατανάλωσης καυσίμου και εκπομπών CO2 που επιτεύχθηκε συνδυάζοντας όλες τις τεχνολογίες ήταν της τάξης του 12-14%. Όσον αφορά τις τεχνολογίες μείωσης ρύπων, εξετάστηκε η δυνατότητα μείωσης των εκπομπών NOx ενός Euro 6b ντίζελ οχήματος. Αρχικά μετρήθηκαν κατά RDE οι εκπομπές NOx και βρέθηκαν 5 φορές περισσότερες από το όριο των 80mg/km. H λειτουργία του κινητήρα του οχήματος προσομοιώθηκε σε εργαστηριακή πέδη, όπου εγκαταστάθηκε ένας πανομοιότυπος κινητήρας. Σε αυτόν έγιναν τροποποιήσεις στο σύστημα μετεπεξεργασίας καυσαερίων, με κύρια αλλαγή την αντικατάσταση του συστήματος LNT με σύστημα SCR. Οι τροποποιήσεις μείωσαν στις εκπομπές NOx κατά 90%, επιτυγχάνοντας συμμόρφωση με τα Euro 6 όρια, χωρίς να επιβαρύνουν την κατανάλωση καυσίμου. Στη συνέχεια εξετάστηκε η επίδραση των συνθηκών οδήγησης στις εκπομπές και την κατανάλωση καυσίμου. Συγκεκριμένα διερευνήθηκε η λειτουργία τριών Euro 6 ντίζελ σε κύκλους οδήγησης NEDC, WLTP, CADC και στο δρόμο σε κανονικά δρομολόγια εντός RDE νομοθεσίας και σε άλλα πιο δυναμικά. Η στρατηγική μείωσης των εκπομπών και των τριών οχημάτων φαίνεται να στοχεύει αποκλειστικά τον κύκλο NEDC, καθώς στα σημεία λειτουργίας εκτός του NEDC η χρήση αντιρρυπαντικών συστημάτων ελαχιστοποιείται. Οι εκπομπές κατά τον WLTP ήταν πιο κοντά στις εκπομπές που μετρήθηκαν σε πραγματικές συνθήκες, ωστόσο, το εύρος λειτουργίας του κινητήρα κατά τη μέτρηση στον δρόμο ήταν μεγαλύτερο από το εύρος κατά τις εργαστηριακές συνθήκες. Επιπλέον, τα επίπεδα εκπομπών NOx αυξάνονται δραματικά κατά την οδήγηση του οχήματος με πιο δυναμικό τρόπο, εκτός των προδιαγραφών του RDE κανονισμού. Τέλος, πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις εκπομπών στο δρόμο σε ένα στόλο οχτώ οχημάτων, δύο ντίζελ, ένα βενζινοκίνητο, ένα όχημα φυσικού αερίου, ένα υγραεριοκίνητο, ένα υβριδικό και δύο παλαιότερα βενζινοκίνητα που έχουν μετατραπεί σε υγραεριοκίνητα. Κανένας τύπος καυσίμου/κινητήρα δεν είχε χαμηλές εκπομπές CO2, CO και NOx σε όλο το φάσμα των πραγματικών συνθηκών λειτουργίας. Ωστόσο αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι τα παλαιότερα οχήματα υγραερίου-βενζίνης είχαν τις χειρότερες επιδόσεις εκπομπών, το όχημα με φυσικό αέριο είχε τις χαμηλότερες εκπομπές CO2 και ότι το υβριδικό είχε τις χαμηλότερες εκπομπές ρύπων CO και NOx συνδυαστικά. Όσον αφορά τους συμβατικούς τύπους οχημάτων, τα ντίζελ είχαν πολύ υψηλές εκπομπές NOx, ενώ τα βενζινοκίνητα σε δυναμικές συνθήκες οδήγησης, είχαν εξαιρετικά υψηλές εκπομπές CO φτάνοντας τις 35 φορές πάνω από τα νομοθετημένα όρια.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Rate of Fuel Consumption in Aircrafts

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 8066
Author(s):  
Thowayeb H. Hassan ◽  
Abu Elnasr E. Sobaih ◽  
Amany E. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Homogeneity Of Variance ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
Ground Distance ◽  
The Cost

The cost of fuel and its availability are among the most major concerns for aircrafts and the aviation industry overall. Environmental difficulties with chemical pollutant emissions emitted by aviation machines are also connected to fuel consumption. As a result, it is crucial to examine factors that affect the overall fuel usage and consumption in the airport-based aviation industry. Several variables were investigated related to the total fuel consumed, such as dry operating weight (DOW) (KG), zero-fuel weight (ZFW), take-off weight (TOW), air distance (AIR DIST) (KM), and ground distance (GDN DIST). Analysis of the correlation between total fuel consumed as well as the extra fuel and selected variables was conducted. The results showed that the most positively associated factors with the total used fuel were the air distance (r2 = 0.86, p < 0.01), ground distance (r2 = 0.78, p < 0.01), TOW (r2 = 0.68, p < 0.01), and flight time (r2 = 0.68, p < 0.01). There was also a strong positive association between the average fuel flow (FF) and actual TOW (r2 = 0.74, p < 0.01) as well as ZFW (r2 = 0.61, p < 0.01). The generalized linear model (GLM) was utilized to assess the predictions of total energy usage after evaluating important outliers, stability of the homogeneity of variance, and the normalization of the parameter estimation. The results of multiple linear regression revealed that the most significant predictors of the total consumed fuel were the actual ZFW (p < 0.01), actual TOW (p < 0.01), and actual average FF (p < 0.05). The results interestingly confirmed that wind speed has some consequences and effects on arrival fuel usage. The result reflects that thermal and hydrodynamic economies impact on the flying fuel economy. The research has various implications for both scholars and practitioners of aviation industry.

Real-world assessment of urban bus transport in a medium-sized city of the Middle East: Driving behavior, emission performance, and fuel consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid Ghaffarpasand ◽  
Mohammad Reza Talaie ◽  
Hossein Ahmadikia ◽  
Amirreza Talaie Khozani ◽  
Maryam Davari Shalamzari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Real World ◽  
Driving Behavior ◽  
Emission Performance ◽  
Urban Bus ◽  
Bus Transport

A Multidisciplinary Approach for the Comprehensive Assessment of Integrated Rotorcraft–Powerplant Systems at Mission Level

2014 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Goulos ◽  
Fakhre Ali ◽  
Konstantinos Tzanidakis ◽  
Vassilios Pachidis ◽  
Roberto d'Ippolito
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Comprehensive Assessment ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Reactor Model ◽  
Stirred Reactor

This paper presents an integrated methodology for the comprehensive assessment of combined rotorcraft–powerplant systems at mission level. Analytical evaluation of existing and conceptual designs is carried out in terms of operational performance and environmental impact. The proposed approach comprises a wide-range of individual modeling theories applicable to rotorcraft flight dynamics and gas turbine engine performance. A novel, physics-based, stirred reactor model is employed for the rapid estimation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. The individual mathematical models are implemented within an elaborate numerical procedure, solving for total mission fuel consumption and associated pollutant emissions. The combined approach is applied to the comprehensive analysis of a reference twin-engine light (TEL) aircraft modeled after the Eurocopter Bo 105 helicopter, operating on representative mission scenarios. Extensive comparisons with flight test data are carried out and presented in terms of main rotor trim control angles and power requirements, along with general flight performance charts including payload-range diagrams. Predictions of total mission fuel consumption and NOx emissions are compared with estimated values provided by the Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA). Good agreement is exhibited between predictions made with the physics-based stirred reactor model and experimentally measured values of NOx emission indices. The obtained results suggest that the production rates of NOx pollutant emissions are predominantly influenced by the behavior of total air inlet pressure upstream of the combustion chamber, which is affected by the employed operational procedures and the time-dependent all-up mass (AUM) of the aircraft. It is demonstrated that accurate estimation of on-board fuel supplies ahead of flight is key to improving fuel economy as well as reducing environmental impact. The proposed methodology essentially constitutes an enabling technology for the comprehensive assessment of existing and conceptual rotorcraft–powerplant systems, in terms of operational performance and environmental impact.

Numerical and Experimental Study on the Impact of Mild Cold EGR on Exhaust Emissions in a Biodiesel Fueled Diesel Engine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Oliveira ◽  
Junfeng Yang ◽  
Jose Sodre
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Nox Formation ◽  
Ratio Distribution ◽  
Engine Model ◽  
Gas Recirculation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This work evaluated the effect of cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on fuel consumption and pollutant emissions from a diesel engine fueled with B8 (a blend of biodiesel and Diesel 8:92%% by volume), experimentally and numerically. Experiments were carried out on a Diesel power generator with varying loads from 5 kW to 35 kW and 10% of cold EGR ratio. Exhaust emissions (e.g. THC, NOX, CO etc.) were measured and evaluated. The results showed mild EGR and low biodiesel content have minor impact of engine specific fuel consumption, fuel conversion efficiency and in-cylinder pressure. Meanwhile, the combination of EGR and biodiesel reduced THC and NOX up to 52% and 59%, which shows promising effect on overcoming the PM-NOX trade-off from diesel engine. A 3D CFD engine model incorporated with detailed biodiesel combustion kinetics and NOx formation kinetics was validated against measured in-cylinder pressure, temperature and engine-out NO emission from diesel engine. This valid model was then employed to investigate the in-cylinder temperature and equivalence ratio distribution that predominate NOx formation. The results showed that the reduction of NOx emission by EGR and biodiesel is obtained by a little reduction of the local in-cylinder temperature and, mainly, by creating comparatively rich combusting mixture.

scholarly journals Real-World Measurement of Hybrid Buses’ Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissions in a Metropolitan Urban Road Network

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Keramydas ◽  
Georgios Papadopoulos ◽  
Leonidas Ntziachristos ◽  
Ting-Shek Lo ◽  
Kwok-Lam Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Emission Measurement ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Urban Road Network ◽  
Urban Road ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Consumption Benefits

This study investigates pollutant emissions and fuel consumption of six Euro VI hybrid-diesel public transport buses operating on different scheduled routes in a metropolitan urban road network. Portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) are used in measurements and results are compared to those obtained from a paired number of Euro V conventional buses of the same body type used as control over the same routes. The selected routes vary from urban to highway driving and the experimentation was conducted over the first half of 2015. The available emissions data correspond to a wide range of driving, operating, and ambient conditions. Fuel consumption, distance- and energy-based emission levels are derived and presented in a comparative manner. The effect of different factors, including speed, ambient temperature, and road grade on fuel consumption and emissions performance is investigated. Mean fuel consumption of hybrid buses was found 6.1% lower than conventional ones, from 20% lower up to 16% higher, over six routes tested in total. The mean route difference between the two technologies was not statistically significant. Air conditioning decreased consumption benefits of the hybrid buses. Decrease of the mean route speed from 15 km h−1 tο 8 km h−1 increased the hybrid buses consumption by 63%. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions of the Euro VI hybrid buses were 93 ± 5% lower than conventional Euro V ones. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from hybrid Euro VI buses made up 5.9% of total greenhouse gas emissions and largely offset carbon dioxide (CO2) benefits. The results suggest that hybrid urban buses need to be assessed under realistic operation and environmental conditions to assess their true environmental and fuel consumption benefits.

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