Phycotoxins in the marine environment: control of marine organisms for contamination with algal toxins

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (1/2/3/4/5/6) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Luckas
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Algal Toxins ◽  
Environment Control

scholarly journals Does galvanic cathodic protection by aluminum anodes impact marine organisms?

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Bell ◽  
Marcus von der Au ◽  
Julia Regnery ◽  
Matthias Schmid ◽  
Björn Meermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Natural Seawater ◽  
Corophium Volutator ◽  
Offshore Wind Farms ◽  
Ecotoxicological Effects

Abstract Background Cathodic protection by sacrificial anodes composed of aluminum-zinc-indium alloys is often applied to protect offshore support structures of wind turbines from corrosion. Given the considerable growth of renewable energies and thus offshore wind farms in Germany over the last decade, increasing levels of aluminum, indium and zinc are released to the marine environment. Although these metals are ecotoxicologically well-studied, data regarding their impact on marine organisms, especially sediment-dwelling species, as well as possible ecotoxicological effects of galvanic anodes are scarce. To investigate possible ecotoxicological effects to the marine environment, the diatom Phaedactylum tricornutum, the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri and the amphipod Corophium volutator were exposed to dissolved galvanic anodes and solutions of aluminum and zinc, respectively, in standardized laboratory tests using natural seawater. In addition to acute toxicological effects, the uptake of these elements by C. volutator was investigated. Results The investigated anode material caused no acute toxicity to the tested bacteria and only weak but significant effects on algal growth. In case of the amphipods, the single elements Al and Zn showed significant effects only at the highest tested concentrations. Moreover, an accumulation of Al and In was observed in the crustacea species. Conclusions Overall, the findings of this study indicated no direct environmental impact on the tested marine organisms by the use of galvanic anodes for cathodic protection. However, the accumulation of metals in, e.g., crustaceans might enhance their trophic transfer within the marine food web.

Estimates of the Zinc Requirements of Marine Organisms

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Pequegnat ◽  
Scott W. Fowler ◽  
Lawrence F. Small
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Minimum Potential ◽  
Total Enzyme

The amount of enzyme-bound zinc is calculated from estimates of total enzyme concentrations and the number of zinc atoms per mole of these enzymes. This estimate is shown to be smaller than measured concentrations in marine organisms, indicating that zinc is accumulated in excess of the organisms' immediate needs. A minimum "potential fertility" for zinc is calculated; the results indicate that zinc is not limiting in the marine environment.

scholarly journals Reviews and Syntheses: Ocean acidification and its potential impacts on marine ecosystems

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 10939-10983 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. G. Mostofa ◽  
C.-Q. Liu ◽  
W. D. Zhai ◽  
M. Minella ◽  
D. Vione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Algal Toxins ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Ocean acidification, a complex phenomenon that lowers seawater pH, is the net outcome of several contributions. They include the dissolution of increasing atmospheric CO2 that adds up with dissolved inorganic carbon (dissolved CO2, H2CO3, HCO3−, and CO32−) generated upon mineralization of primary producers (PP) and dissolved organic matter (DOM). The aquatic processes leading to inorganic carbon are substantially affected by increased DOM and nutrients via terrestrial runoff, acidic rainfall, increased PP and algal blooms, nitrification, denitrification, sulfate reduction, global warming (GW), and by atmospheric CO2 itself through enhanced photosynthesis. They are consecutively associated with enhanced ocean acidification, hypoxia in acidified deeper seawater, pathogens, algal toxins, oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species, and thermal stress caused by longer stratification periods as an effect of GW. We discuss the mechanistic insights into the aforementioned processes and pH changes, with particular focus on processes taking place with different time scales (including the diurnal one) in surface and subsurface seawater. This review also discusses these collective influences to assess their potential detrimental effects to marine organisms, and of ecosystem processes and services. Our review of the effects operating in synergy with ocean acidification will provide a broad insight into the potential impact of acidification itself on biological processes. The foreseen danger to marine organisms by acidification is in fact expected to be amplified by several concurrent and interacting phenomena.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Pollution by Some Persistent Organic Pollutants of the Marine Environment of the Northwestern Part of the Black Sea

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Ecological State

Purpose. The study is aimed at estimation of marine pollution in the northwestern part of the Black Sea by some persistent organic pollutants (POPs), in particular polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). Methods. Peculiarities of marine pollution were determined on the basis of research conducted at the Ukrainian Scientific Center of Ecology of the Sea (UkrSCES). The content of PCBs and HCB was determined on a gas chromatograph Agilent 7890B with a capillary column and an electronic capture detector using the methods of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-3545A, 3630C, 8081, 8082A, 8275A). The ecological state of the marine environment was determined using developed in UkrSCES the “Ecological standards of marine environment quality”, which allow us to assess the quality status of such components of the marine environment (sea water, bottom sediments and biota). Results. The methodology of environmental standards has been adapted to assess the pollution of the marine environment of POPs. The ecological state of sea water and bottom sediments of the northwestern part of the Black Sea is determined according to the established values of Maximum Concentration Limit (MCL) and Ecological Standards (ES). The ecological state of marine biota was assessed by HCB pollution according to the established Ecological Standard. The European analogue of MCL (MAC-EQS) for industrial marine organisms was used to assess the ecological state of marine organisms for PCBs pollution (but it should be noted that the assessment was performed only for non-dioxin-like PCBs. Standard for the content of PCBs in marine organisms, in particular, – of industrial importance, must be implemented in Ukraine at the legislative level. For integral assessment of the ecological state of the marine environment and the specifics of POPs pollution in the northwestern part of the Black Sea, it is necessary to introduce a comprehensive monitoring system that would analyze marine pollution by all POPs required by the Stockholm Convention. Conclusions. The ecological state of the sea water of the northwestern part of the Black Sea by POPs pollution in most cases corresponds to the category "very good". The state of marine biota in most cases corresponds to the quality classes "good" and "very good", but in Ukraine there are no clear standards that would regulate the content of PCBs in marine biota, in particular – for industrial important species of marine organisms. The ecological condition of bottom sediments is mainly classified as "satisfactory" and "poor", which under certain natural conditions can be a source of secondary pollution of sea water and biota. For integral assessment of the ecological state, it is necessary to take into account all POPs, which can significantly change the results of the assessment of the quality of the marine environment of the northwestern part of the Black Sea.

scholarly journals The presence and danger of microplastics in the oceans

Pomorstvo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-230
Author(s):  
Amalija Margeta ◽  
Đani Šabalja ◽  
Marko Đorđević
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Marine Food Chain ◽  
Marine Food ◽  
The Difference

Since the environmental pollution by microplastics is a relatively new area of research, the main problem is the lack of appropriate rules, regulations and parameters globally. Therefore, the sources of primary and secondary microplastics particles vary from source to source, and due to this the difference in the division of microplastic particles by size arises too. Moreover, various techniques and technologies are used when testing seawater and sediment as well. Ultimately, with different qualities of the obtained results, it leads to difficult and/or inadequate comparison. Furthermore, the research has been mainly conducted on smaller marine organisms, which needs to be extended to other larger organisms as well as to the human population to create a complete image of the negative effects of contamination of the marine food chain and the marine environment with microplastic particles in general.

scholarly journals Microplastics as contaminants in marine environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patric Paul ◽  
Aravind K Mohan ◽  
Geethika Dev ◽  
Sunil Kumar P G
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Ocean Gyres ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Trends

ABSTRACT Since the mass production of plastics began in the 1940s, microplastic contamination of the marine environment has been a growing problem. Here, a review of the literature has been conducted with the following objectives: To summarise what are microplastics; To discuss the routes by which microplastics enter the marine environment; To assess spatial and temporal trends of microplastic abundance; to discuss the environmental impact of microplastics; and remedial measures; Microplastics are both abundant and widespread within the marine environment, found in their highest concentrations along coastlines and within mid-ocean gyres. Ingestion of microplastics has been demonstrated in a range of marine organisms, a process which may facilitate the transfer of chemical additives or hydrophobic waterborne pollutants to biota. A case study has also been done about the ingestion of microplastics by zooplankton groups in Kenya’s marine environment. We conclude by highlighting key future research areas for scientists and policymakers. Keywords—Micro plastics; marine organisms; marine environment

Electrochemical Characteristics of BIS 2062 Carbon Steel Under Simulated Ocean Acidification Scenario

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K R DEVIKA ◽  
P MUHAMED ASHRAF
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Natural Seawater ◽  
Electrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Boat Building ◽  
The Impact

Dear Professor,<div><p>I am herewith enclosing a research paper entitled “<b>Electrochemical characteristics of BIS 2062 carbon steel under simulated ocean acidification scenario.</b>” authored by Devika KR, and me. </p> <p>The research paper highlights the behavior of carbon steel in acidified natural seawater. Ocean acidification is a burning issue under climate change. Several studies have undertaken to understand the behavior marine organisms and marine environment. No studies have initiated regarding the deterioration of materials due to ocean acidification. Large number of materials were deployed in the ocean with different objectives. These materials are under risk as the ocean acidification continues. We believe this is the first attempt to study the impact of ocean acidification on carbon steel. </p> <p>The study conducted to evaluate the impact of ocean acidification on BIS 2062 boat building steel. The results showed that the carbon steel will deteriorate 2 to 3 times higher when pH was changed from 8.05 to 7.90. The data highlights the immediate need to redesign the marine materials within 1-2 decade. The paper also highlights the possible mechanism of deterioration under different pH scenario.</p><p>Thanking you</p><p>Sincerely</p><p>ashrafp</p><br></div>

scholarly journals Evaluation of Marine Environment Based on Growth of Marine Organisms

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 491-496
Author(s):  
Motoyasu Ishikawa ◽  
Yoshihiko Maeno ◽  
Yoshimichi Tanaka ◽  
Syosaku Hai ◽  
Hirofumi Kawamoto
Keyword(s):  
Marine Environment ◽  
Marine Organisms

scholarly journals Reviews and Syntheses: Ocean acidification and its potential impacts on marine ecosystems

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1767-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khan M. G. Mostofa ◽  
Cong-Qiang Liu ◽  
WeiDong Zhai ◽  
Marco Minella ◽  
Davide Vione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Algal Toxins ◽  
Seawater Ph ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Ocean acidification, a complex phenomenon that lowers seawater pH, is the net outcome of several contributions. They include the dissolution of increasing atmospheric CO2 that adds up with dissolved inorganic carbon (dissolved CO2, H2CO3, HCO3−, and CO32−) generated upon mineralization of primary producers (PP) and dissolved organic matter (DOM). The aquatic processes leading to inorganic carbon are substantially affected by increased DOM and nutrients via terrestrial runoff, acidic rainfall, increased PP and algal blooms, nitrification, denitrification, sulfate reduction, global warming (GW), and by atmospheric CO2 itself through enhanced photosynthesis. They are consecutively associated with enhanced ocean acidification, hypoxia in acidified deeper seawater, pathogens, algal toxins, oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species, and thermal stress caused by longer stratification periods as an effect of GW. We discuss the mechanistic insights into the aforementioned processes and pH changes, with particular focus on processes taking place with different timescales (including the diurnal one) in surface and subsurface seawater. This review also discusses these collective influences to assess their potential detrimental effects to marine organisms, and of ecosystem processes and services. Our review of the effects operating in synergy with ocean acidification will provide a broad insight into the potential impact of acidification itself on biological processes. The foreseen danger to marine organisms by acidification is in fact expected to be amplified by several concurrent and interacting phenomena.

scholarly journals Bioactive Peptides from Marine Molluscs – A Review

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Queensley A. Eghianruwa ◽  
Omolaja R. Osoniyi ◽  
Naomi Maina ◽  
Sabina Wachira
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Bioactive Peptides ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Marine Molluscs ◽  
Marine Mollusc ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Global Biodiversity

Marine organisms make up approximately half of the total global biodiversity, with the Mollusca containing the second largest number of species, including snails and bivalves. The marine environment is highly competitive, hostile and aggressive, which has led to the production of specific and potent bioactive compounds by the mollusca and their associated microorganisms, in a bid to protect themselves and ensure their survival. A diverse array of bioactive compounds can be isolated from the extracts of marine molluscs of which linear, cyclic, and conjugated peptides and depsipeptides form some of the most important bioactive compounds that have been well characterized and some of have already reached clinical trials or been approved for use as therapeutic agents and supplements. This review highlights some of the bioactive peptides that have been obtained from marine molluscs as well the challenges facing bioprospecting of valuable peptides from marine mollusc sources.

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