International business and cross-border education: a case of the Janus face of globalisation?

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Gaby Ramia ◽  
Simon Marginson ◽  
Erlenawati Sawir ◽  
Chris Nyland
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Cross Border

Cross-Border E-Commerce Security Issues and Protections

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-119
Author(s):  
Sumaiya Thaseen ◽  
Aswani Kumar Cherukuri ◽  
Aarshitha Kopparapu ◽  
Gopika Velu
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Market Share ◽  
International Business ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Target Segment ◽  
Marketing Costs ◽  
The Impact

E-commerce enables brands to reach their customers globally anytime they want to shop and provide convenience to the busy and demanding customer. These days, cross-border e-commerce is accelerating faster compared to domestic e-commerce. Cross-border e-commerce is considered to be a separate body which has its own budget and resource allocation. It focuses on new opportunities that help in gaining market share and sales. This can result in lower marketing costs in the long-term. India contributes 0.8% of a $600 billion global cross-border e-commerce market. Thus, this is an enormous target segment that exporters can focus to expand their international business. There are numerous advantages of cross-border e-commerce, which will be discussed in detail in this chapter. This chapter discusses the meaning of GDPR, the subjects of GDPR, and the effects of GDPR on individuals and organizations. This chapter also states the impact of GDPR on different fields and technologies. In addition, the major cross-border e-commerce security issues are analyzed, and optimal solutions are discussed.

Organizational characteristics of cross-border mergers and acquisitions

2018 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Li ◽  
K.S. Redding ◽  
En Xie
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Finance ◽  
International Business ◽  
Organizational Characteristics ◽  
Group Affiliation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
The World ◽  
Target Country

PurposeGiven that several publicly announced international merger and acquisition deals have been abandoned in recent years, the purpose of this paper is to present a synthesis of influential articles that examine organizational characteristics of cross-border acquisition transactions. The synthesis is framed through general traits and resources, learning and prior acquisition experience, and top-level management and governance attributes. Specifically, the paper conceptualizes key organizational attributes influencing the propensity of cross-border negotiations, and the most common characteristics and post-deal effects by illustrating several case examples from around the world.Design/methodology/approachOwing to fairness and integrity principles of the literature survey studies, the paper adopts an exploratory review design to present a synthesis of several influential articles published in strategy, international business and corporate finance journals. Since case method and storytelling are the best qualitative approaches to conceptualizing extant theoretical contributions, a number of case examples—successful, delayed and abandoned—from around the world have been discussed by leveraging the case information from archival sources.FindingsDrawing on resource-based view, organizational learning, upper echelons and agency theory perspectives, the paper underscores three observations. First, organizational characteristics such as firm age, firm size, ownership structure, slack resources, marketing resources, technological intensity, export intensity and business group affiliation have different impacts on the propensity of publicly announced cross-border deals. Second, firm’s prior acquisition experience and firm’s acquisition experience in the target country have positive or moderating effects on the success of a cross-border merger. Third, top-level management characteristics such as CEO foreign nationality and CEO international career experience, and governance characteristics such as board size, the number of independent directors and directors with overseas experience, have mixed effects on the incidence of cross-border acquisitions.Practical implicationsThe paper puts forth several recommendations for top-level managers participating in cross-border acquisition negotiations, such as learning from peers in the same industry, learning from predecessors in the target country and learning from failure negotiations in the same industry and other industries.Originality/valueNested within the organizational, international business strategy and corporate finance literature, the paper presents a synthesis of influential publications that study organizational characteristics affecting the propensity of cross-border acquisitions. The cases discussed in this paper are unique examples from around the world.

Cultural distance and cross-border diffusion of innovation: a literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-260
Author(s):  
Huimin Zhang ◽  
Mu Tian ◽  
Tsang Kai Hung
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Diffusion Of Innovation ◽  
International Business ◽  
Cultural Distance ◽  
New Products ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe objective of this study is to advance the understanding of the connection between cultural distance and the cross-border diffusion of innovations by conducting a systematic review and analysis of previous literature.Design/methodology/approachThis study involved a literature review. A total of 35 articles published in ABS journals were identified from key management, international business and marketing journals. The articles were analyzed by the methodologies and findings presented.FindingsThe literature review shows that the adoption and diffusion of innovation and new products are bound to be deeply influenced by cultural distance. Specifically, national cultures influence the willingness of consumers to buy new products at both the individual and organizational levels; organizational culture plays a key role in the process of launching new products and diffusing innovations to the market. However, existing studies and their findings are fragmented and inconsistent. Controversial views remain regarding the impact of national cultural dimensions on the diffusion of innovation at the individual and organizational levels.Originality/valueThis is the first systematic review of the literature specifically focusing on the impact of cultural distance on the cross-border diffusion of innovation. In identifying the research gaps and limitations of extant studies, the authors point to avenues for future research to develop a more integrated research agenda for marketing, management and international business research.

International Business and the Development of British Electrical Manufacturing, 1886–1929

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Business ◽  
Business History ◽  
World War ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
International Operations

British electrical manufacturing provides important insights into international business history and demonstrates the key role of cross-border networks and agreements in its emergence. This article analyzes the factors that shaped phases in the industry's development and international operations. In doing so, the article reappraises electrical manufacturing's early decades in Britain; it shows how a changing political landscape transformed the strategies and ownership of firms, and reevaluates the industry's restructuring during World War I and its immediate aftermath. Further, the article questions accounts of British electrical manufacturing's failure in the 1920s and discusses the return to strategies of cross-border networks and agreements. Finally, it considers the lessons of British electrical manufacturing's emergence and subsequent consolidation, weighing the influences of firm-level, national, and international factors.

scholarly journals Strategic orientations and digital marketing tactics in cross-border e-commerce: Comparing developed and emerging markets

2020 ◽  
pp. 026624262096265
Author(s):  
Sjoukje PK Goldman ◽  
Hester van Herk ◽  
Tibert Verhagen ◽  
Jesse WJ Weltevreden
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Customer Orientation ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Marketing Tactics ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Strategic Orientations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

In this article, the impact of strategic orientations on the use of digital marketing tactics and, subsequently, on the international business performance of small electronic retailers (e-retailers) in cross-border electronic commerce (e-commerce) is analysed. Furthermore, these relationships are compared between e-retailers originating in both developed and emerging e-commerce markets. Using a sample of 446 small business-to-consumer e-retailers from 20 European countries, we find that the deployment of digital marketing tactics has a positive effect on international business performance. Of the strategic orientations examined, foreign market orientation is most associated with the use of digital marketing tactics. Remarkably, growth orientation only has a positive effect on e-retailers from developed e-commerce markets, while customer orientation negatively affects e-retailers from emerging e-commerce markets. The differences between e-retailers from developed and emerging e-commerce markets are prominent and show that markets should not be considered as either uniform or generalisable.

Uncertainties in business environment – political exigencies versus economic realities: the saga of Zimbabwe Iron & Steel Company (ZISCO)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Gaurav Tripathi ◽  
M. Durgamohan
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
International Business ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Steel Company ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Sub Saharan

Subject area The political and economic environment of business. Study level/applicability The case is suitable for students of MBA and equivalent courses; courses on the international business environment, international marketing and related subjects. Case overview The case focuses on cross border acquisitions in the sub-Saharan economy of Zimbabwe. It discusses Essar Steel's attempt to acquire a stake in Zimbabwe Iron & Steel Company (ZISCO) with long term goals. However, recent political developments have led to the situation hanging by a thread. The case attempts to provide an overview of the complex business environment in Zimbabwe. Expected learning outcomes Students are expected to highlight the economic and political factors during the analysis of any country's business environment. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available; please contact your librarian for access.

scholarly journals The Relative Effects of Institutions on Ownership in Acquisitions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Camille Cochrane
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Uncertainty Avoidance ◽  
Institutional Distance ◽  
Relative Influence ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Cognitive Distance ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Market Experience ◽  
Managerial Implications

<p>Purpose - Globalization has increased competition to an international level. However, limited market experience causes uncertainty, affecting how firms strategize their entry. Institutional distance can be a dominant cause of such environmental uncertainty. The institutional environment incorporates three institutional pillars; the regulatory pillar, the normative pillar and the cognitive pillar. Institutions are shaped by culture and desires to protect domestic business, meaning institutions differ between countries. This is known as institutional distance. There is, however, a research gap concerning the relative influence of institutional pillars on cross-border acquisition ownership, when institutional distance is present. This thesis seeks to research the influential effect of all three institutional pillars on acquisition ownership, when firms are faced with institutional distance.  Theory - Institutional theory was the fundamental theory used in this research, applying the sociology perspective of Scott (1995). Firstly, investigations were conducted on individual pillars to see how each pillar influenced acquisition ownership. Secondly, individual pillar findings were then combined and compared, to illustrate their relative influence on acquisition ownership. Such simultaneous acknowledgement of all three institutional pillars, provided new insight on the relative effects of institutions on acquisition ownership.  Methodology - This study implemented a single method approach, using quantitative analysis. Archival data was gathered focusing on firms from three industries in eleven selected countries who conduct cross-border acquisitions (CBAs). CBAs were chosen due to their popular use as a research construct in imitation research. Cognitive distance, normative distance and regulatory distance were then used to measure institutional distance. Cognitive distance effects were measured using frequency based imitation. Normative distance was measured using two of Hofstede’s (1980) cultural value dimensions: uncertainty avoidance and collectivism. Regulatory distance was measured using World Bank Governance Indicators. Thus, it was important to strategically choose home countries to ensure a variety of dimension and indicator values with which to conduct a reliable study. Logistic regression, conducted with STATA, was then used to analyze relationships between institutions and acquisition ownership.  Key Findings – The findings illustrate that all three institutional pillars have an influential effect on acquisition ownership decisions. This reinforces the emerging belief, that studies must include all three institutional pillars in research. This finding adds to this scant research. Analyzing the comprehensive institutional environment produces more reliable results.  The findings suggest that institutional pillars form an institutional hierarchy when institutional distance exists between the home and host countries. Regulatory distance have the strongest influence on acquisition ownership. Severe regulatory sanctions threaten illegitimate behaviours, forcing foreign entrants to prioritize compliance to regulatory institutions. Normative distance has the second strongest impact on acquisition ownership. Its tacit nature camouflages dysfunctional cultural complexities that disrupt strategy implementation, which can cause a firm to relocate. Lastly, cognitive distance has the third strongest influence on acquisition ownership. Its lack of severe repercussions facilitates the prioritization of the previous two pillars. However, cognitive distance acknowledgement is important as it illustrates how host participants interpret stimuli from their environment, which informs foreign entrants of appropriate cross-national responsive behaviour.  Contributions - This study contributes to international business research by illustrating the hierarchical formation of the influence of institutional pillars on cross-border acquisition ownership, where institutional distance is present. This contribution has managerial implications. Managers are strongly encouraged to consider all of regulatory pillar, normative pillar and cognitive pillar when venturing abroad. Further, managers must acknowledge the institutional pillar hierarchy and prioritize responses accordingly, to avoid crippling outcomes that could lead to poor acquisition outcomes. Lastly, this thesis contributes to literature by highlighting the need to include collectivism as a research construct in ownership studies. Prior studies have narrowly focused on uncertainty avoidance and power distance. However, collectivism has been observed to influence ownership, likely due to the recent rise of Asia in international business.</p>

Cross-border M&A originating from developing countries (The case of the Indian pharmaceutical industry)

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
Arsia Amir-Aslani ◽  
Mark Anthony Chanel
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
International Business ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
World Class ◽  
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

Purpose The paper aims to highlight the growing use of M&A as a strategic tool by companies originating from the emerging markets. Findings Cross-border mergers play an increasingly important role in the strategies of firms originating from developing countries in expanding their capabilities and expertise within the drug discovery value chain by providing world class service and international business knowledge. Originality/value M&A literature is very extensive. However, there is need for more research focusing on M&A activity originating from emerging countries.

Understanding cross-border crime: the value of international business research

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 119-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Enderwick
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Business Research ◽  
International Commerce ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
International Business Research ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
Two Sectors

Purpose Based on a considerable degree of commonality between multinational enterprises (MNEs) and cross-border criminal organisations, the purpose of this paper is to identify ways and areas in which international business (IB) research could be of value in improving understanding of the operations of cross-border criminal organisations and in the development of effective countermeasures to global crime. Design/methodology/approach A review of the characteristics of legitimate MNEs and cross-border criminal organisations is undertaken to assess the applicability of IB research approaches in understanding the strategies and structures of organised criminal groups. Findings Despite some obvious differences there appears to be sufficient commonality between legitimate and illegitimate international commerce so that the firm-centric focus of IB research could provide valuable insights complementing the policy-oriented approach of criminology. Some adaptation of IB research tools may be required. The exchange is not one-way: studies of cross-border crime also offer lessons for IB scholars. Research limitations/implications IB scholarly work on cross-border crime could enrich both the fields of IB and transnational criminology. Better understanding of criminal enterprises could also facilitate the design of more effective interdiction policies. Originality/value Despite their commonalities and interactions, the two sectors of international enterprise have developed separately, and this paper identifies and explores possible synergies between the two.

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