Is it time to reconsider ring vaccination for COVID-19?

Vivian C. McAlister

doi:10.1503/cmaj.80442

The combination of targeted vaccination and ring vaccination

Chaos An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science ◽

10.1063/5.0048457 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 063108

Author(s):

Weiqiang Li ◽

Jin Zhou ◽

Zhen Jin ◽

Jun-an Lu

Keyword(s):

Ring Vaccination

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Being Pregnant during the Kivu Ebola Virus Outbreak in DR Congo: The rVSV-ZEBOV Vaccine and Its Accessibility by Mothers and Infants during Humanitarian Crises and in Conflict Areas

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8010038 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 38 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

David A. Schwartz

Keyword(s):

Ebola Virus ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Humanitarian Assistance ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Conflict Zone ◽

Ring Vaccination ◽

Humanitarian Crises ◽

Republic Of The Congo ◽

Violent Acts ◽

Very High

The Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak that began in Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in July 2018 is the second largest in history. It is also the largest and most deadly of the ten Ebola outbreaks to occur in DRC, the country where Ebola was first identified during the 1976 Yambuku outbreak. The Kivu region is one of the most challenging locations in which to organize humanitarian assistance. It is an active conflict zone in which numerous armed groups are conducting violent acts, often directed against the inhabitants, healthcare and relief workers and peacekeepers. EVD has been especially problematic in pregnancy—previous outbreaks both in DRC and other countries have resulted in very high mortality rates among pregnant women and especially their infants, with maternal mortality in some outbreaks reaching over 90% and perinatal mortality 100%. The development and implementation of the Merck rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine for Ebola infection has been a tremendous public health advance in preventing EVD, being used successfully in both the West Africa Ebola epidemic and the Équateur DRC Ebola outbreak. But from the start of the Kivu outbreak, policy decisions had resulted in excluding pregnant and lactating women and their infants from receiving it during extensive ring vaccination efforts. In June 2019, this policy was reversed, 10 months after the start of the outbreak. Pregnant and lactating women are now permitted not only the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine in the continuing Kivu outbreak but also the newly implemented Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN vaccine.

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Ring vaccination of COVID‐19 vaccines in medium‐ and high‐risk areas of countries with low incidence of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection

Clinical and Translational Medicine ◽

10.1002/ctm2.331 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Wei Xu ◽

Shan Su ◽

Shibo Jiang

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Ring Vaccination ◽

Risk Areas ◽

Low Incidence

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Modelling responses to a smallpox epidemic taking into account uncertainty

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268803001390 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 132 (1) ◽

pp. 19-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

J. LEGRAND ◽

C. VIBOUD ◽

P. Y. BOELLE ◽

A. J. VALLERON ◽

A. FLAHAULT

Keyword(s):

Reproduction Number ◽

Large City ◽

Biological Weapons ◽

Reference Scenario ◽

Susceptible Population ◽

Fourfold Increase ◽

Epidemic Size ◽

Ring Vaccination ◽

Deliberate Release ◽

Index Cases

Epidemiology and modelling are currently under pressure to build consistent scenarios of control in case of deliberate release of biological weapons. In order to assess the key parameters for the control of a smallpox outbreak in a large city (2 million inhabitants), we built a stochastic model to simulate the course of an epidemic controlled by ring vaccination and case isolation. Assuming a reference scenario with 100 index cases and implementation of intervention 25 days after the attack, the model forecasts an epidemic of 730 cases with an epidemic duration of 240 days. Setting intervention 20 days later would result in an almost fourfold increase in the epidemic size. A multivariate sensitivity analysis has selected three key parameters: the basic reproduction number (i.e. the number of secondary cases infected by one case in an entirely susceptible population, equal to 3 in the reference scenario), time to intervention, and proportion of traced and vaccinated contacts.

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Correction: Harnessing Case Isolation and Ring Vaccination to Control Ebola

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0003888 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. e0003888

Author(s):

Chad Wells ◽

Dan Yamin ◽

Martial L. Ndeffo-Mbah ◽

Natasha Wenzel ◽

Stephen G. Gaffney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ring Vaccination

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Ring Vaccination and Smallpox Control

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

10.3201/eid1005.030419 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 832-841 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Mirjam Kretzschmar ◽

Susan van den Hof ◽

Jacco Wallinga ◽

Jan van Wijngaarden

Keyword(s):

Ring Vaccination

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CDC releases interim smallpox response plan and guidelines

Weekly releases (1997–2007) ◽

10.2807/esw.05.51.02082-en ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 5 (51) ◽

Author(s):

R Harling

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Disease Control ◽

The United States ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Ring Vaccination ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Deliberate Release ◽

Response Plan ◽

Centers For Disease Control ◽

Spread Of Infection

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States (US) last week released its plans to cope with a deliberate release of smallpox (1). The plan centres on rapid ring vaccination of the contacts of infected individuals to contain the spread of infection. Mass vaccination in advance of an outbreak will not be used, partly because the risks associated with vaccination outweigh the risks of exposure to smallpox.

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Teschen disease (Teschovirus encephalomyelitis) eradication in Czechoslovakia: a historical report

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/163/2009-vetmed ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 54 (No. 11) ◽

pp. 550-560 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

V. Kouba

Keyword(s):

Viral Disease ◽

Eradication Programme ◽

Disease Mortality ◽

Ring Vaccination ◽

North Eastern ◽

Outbreak Areas ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Domestic Refuse ◽

Waste Food ◽

Production Industry

Teschen disease (previously also known as Klobouk’s disease), actually called <i>Teschovirus encephalomyelitis</i>, is a virulent fatal viral disease of swine, characterized by severe neurological disorders of encephalomyelitis. It was initially discovered in the Teschen district of North-Eastern Moravia. During the 1940s and 1950s it caused serious losses to the pig production industry in Europe. The most critical situation at that time, however, was in the former Czechoslovakia. A nationally organized eradication programme started in 1952. That year the reported number of new cases of Teschen disease reached 137 396, i.e., an incidence rate of 2 794 per 100 000 pigs, in 14 801 villages with 65 597 affected farms, i.e., 4.43 affected farms per village and 2.10 diseased pigs per affected farm. The average territorial density of new cases was 1.07 per km2. For etiological diagnosis histological investigation of the central nervous system, isolation of virus and seroneutralization were used. Preventive measures consisted in feeding pigs with sterilized waste food and in ring vaccination. Eradication measures took the form of the timely detection and reporting of new cases, isolating outbreak areas, and the slaughter of intrafocal pigs followed by sanitation measures. Diseased pigs were usually destroyed in rendering facilities. The carcasses of other intrafocal pigs were treated as conditionally comestible, i.e., only after sterilization. During the years 1952–1965 from a reported 537 480 specifically diseased pigs 36 558 died; i.e., Teschen disease mortality rate was 6.80% while other intrafocal pigs (88.12%) were urgently slaughtered. During the whole eradication programme there were a reported 542 971 Teschen disease cases. The disease was found mainly in small private farms where domestic refuse was used for pig feeding without proper sterilization. During 1959–1972 there were a reported 16 981 529 vaccinations using a vaccine of national origin. The ratio of vaccination to national pig population was reduced from 0.4904 in 1959 to 0.0786 in 1972. During 1959–1965 the ratio of reported vaccinations to reported new diseased pigs was 521 : 1 and during 1960–1965 the ratio of reported vaccinations to reported intrafocal pigs was 85 : 1. After eradication the vaccination was stopped. The last cases were detected in 1973 and from that time Czech and Slovak territories have been free from this dangerous infection.

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