scholarly journals Sex differences in conditioned stimulus discrimination during context-dependent fear learning and its retrieval in humans: the role of biological sex, contraceptives and menstrual cycle phases

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 368-375
Author(s):  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Jan Haaker ◽  
Dirk Schümann ◽  
Tobias Sommer ◽  
Janine Bayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Stimulus Discrimination ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Context Dependent

Intersexual and Intrasexual Competition and Their Relation to Jealousy

2019 ◽  
pp. 214-236
Author(s):  
Abraham P. Buunk ◽  
Karlijn Massar ◽  
Pieternel Dijkstra ◽  
Ana María Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Attachment Styles ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Intrasexual Competition ◽  
Online Infidelity ◽  
Intersexual Competition

This chapter discusses sex differences in intersexual competition and describes particularly the consequences of such competition for conflict between the sexes, as well as for sex differences in mate guarding and, relatedly, in the types of infidelity that evoke jealousy, including online infidelity. It also discusses individual differences in jealousy as related to attachment styles and describes the effects of height, hormones, and the menstrual cycle on jealousy. Next, the chapter moves on to intrasexual competition and discusses, among other topics, intrasexual competition among men and among women, the role of sex differences in rival characteristics in evoking jealousy, the role of attachment styles and hormones, and individual differences in intrasexual competitiveness.

scholarly journals Sex Matters in Health and Disease: a review of biological sex differences with an emphasis on glioma

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Christine Massey ◽  
Paula Whitmire ◽  
Tatum E Doyle ◽  
Joseph E Ippolito ◽  
Maciej M Mrugala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Improve Patient

Humans are sexually dimorphic, with sex being the most persistent difference among humans over the course of our evolutionary history. Beyond the visible sex differences that can be considered true dimorphisms, there are also sex differences at the molecular and cellular scales. The role of these biological sex differences for human health, while being increasingly recognized, have long been underappreciated and underexplored. Frequently, these differences are only recognized in sex–specific diseases, such as genitourinary diseases and cancers. However, given the evidence for sex differences in the most basic aspects of human biology, including metabolism, cellular composition, and immune activity, these differences could have consequences for the etiology and pathophysiology of a majority of diseases. It is thus essential to consider the extent to which these differences may influence the various mechanisms underlying disease processes, response to treatment, and the maintenance of health in order to better improve patient outcomes. Here we review the evidence for a broad array of biological sex differences in humans and discuss how they may relate to observed sex differences in various diseases, with an emphasis on cancer, specifically glioblastoma. We further propose that mathematical approaches can be useful for exploring the extent to which sex differences affect disease outcomes and accounting for those in the development of therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Golden Syrian Hamsters as a Model for Revisiting the Role of Biological Sex Differences in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Tomoya Michita ◽  
Indira U. Mysorekar
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Syrian Hamster ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Compelling Evidence ◽  
Hamster Model ◽  
Clinical Factor ◽  
Golden Syrian Hamster ◽  
Biological Sex

There is growing evidence that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects males more severely than females, including compelling evidence indicating that biological sex is an important clinical factor influencing disease pathology and outcomes. In their recent article in mBio , Dhakal et al. find further evidence to support this hypothesis as they interrogate biological sex differences in the pathogenesis and clinical features of COVID-19 in the golden Syrian hamster model.

scholarly journals Sex Matters in Health and Disease: a review of biological sex differences with an emphasis on glioma

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Christine Massey ◽  
Paula Whitmire ◽  
Tatum E Doyle ◽  
Joseph E Ippolito ◽  
Maciej M Mrugala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Improve Patient

Humans are sexually dimorphic, with sex being the most persistent difference among humans over the course of our evolutionary history. Beyond the visible sex differences that can be considered true dimorphisms, there are also sex differences at the molecular and cellular scales. The role of these biological sex differences for human health, while being increasingly recognized, have long been underappreciated and underexplored. Frequently, these differences are only recognized in sex–specific diseases, such as genitourinary diseases and cancers. However, given the evidence for sex differences in the most basic aspects of human biology, including metabolism, cellular composition, and immune activity, these differences could have consequences for the etiology and pathophysiology of a majority of diseases. It is thus essential to consider the extent to which these differences may influence the various mechanisms underlying disease processes, response to treatment, and the maintenance of health in order to better improve patient outcomes. Here we review the evidence for a broad array of biological sex differences in humans and discuss how they may relate to observed sex differences in various diseases, with an emphasis on cancer, specifically glioblastoma. We further propose that mathematical approaches can be useful for exploring the extent to which sex differences affect disease outcomes and accounting for those in the development of therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Sex differences in sleep and influence of the menstrual cycle on women’s sleep in junior endurance athletes

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253376
Author(s):  
Maria Hrozanova ◽  
Christian A. Klöckner ◽  
Øyvind Sandbakk ◽  
Ståle Pallesen ◽  
Frode Moen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Deep Sleep ◽  
Subjective Sleep Quality ◽  
Subjective Sleep ◽  
Rem Latency ◽  
Light Sleep

Previous research shows that female athletes sleep better according to objective parameters but report worse subjective sleep quality than male athletes. However, existing sleep studies did not investigate variations in sleep and sleep stages over longer periods and have, so far, not elucidated the role of the menstrual cycle in female athletes’ sleep. To address these methodological shortcomings, we investigated sex differences in sleep and sleep stages over 61 continuous days in 37 men and 19 women and examined the role of the menstrual cycle and its phases in 15 women. Sleep was measured by a non-contact radar, and menstrual bleeding was self-reported. Associations were investigated with multilevel modeling. Overall, women tended to report poorer subjective sleep quality (p = .057), but objective measurements showed that women obtained longer sleep duration (p < .001), more light (p = .013) and rapid eye movement sleep (REM; hours (h): p < .001, %: p = .007), shorter REM latency (p < .001), and higher sleep efficiency (p = .003) than men. R2 values showed that sleep duration, REM and REM latency were especially affected by sex. Among women, we found longer time in bed (p = .027) and deep sleep (h: p = .036), and shorter light sleep (%: p = .021) during menstrual bleeding vs. non-bleeding days; less light sleep (h: p = .040), deep sleep (%: p = .013) and shorter REM latency (p = .011) during the menstrual than pre-menstrual phase; and lower sleep efficiency (p = .042) and more deep sleep (%: p = .026) during the follicular than luteal phase. These findings indicate that the menstrual cycle may impact the need for physiological recovery, as evidenced by the sleep stage variations. Altogether, the observed sex differences in subjective and objective sleep parameters may be related to the female athletes’ menstrual cycle. The paper provides unique data of sex differences in sleep stages and novel insights into the role of the menstrual cycle in sleep among female athletes.

Forming Impressions of Personality

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne Nauts ◽  
Oliver Langner ◽  
Inge Huijsmans ◽  
Roos Vonk ◽  
Daniël H. J. Wigboldus
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Context Dependent

Asch’s seminal research on “Forming Impressions of Personality” (1946) has widely been cited as providing evidence for a primacy-of-warmth effect, suggesting that warmth-related judgments have a stronger influence on impressions of personality than competence-related judgments (e.g., Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007 ; Wojciszke, 2005 ). Because this effect does not fit with Asch’s Gestalt-view on impression formation and does not readily follow from the data presented in his original paper, the goal of the present study was to critically examine and replicate the studies of Asch’s paper that are most relevant to the primacy-of-warmth effect. We found no evidence for a primacy-of-warmth effect. Instead, the role of warmth was highly context-dependent, and competence was at least as important in shaping impressions as warmth.

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