scholarly journals Female rats are more susceptible to central nervous system oxygen toxicity than male rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. e00282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather E. Held ◽  
Raffaele Pilla ◽  
Geoffrey E. Ciarlone ◽  
Carol S. Landon ◽  
Jay B. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Oxygen Toxicity ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats

scholarly journals Oestrogenic effects of neonatal administration of raloxifene on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in male and female rats

Reproduction ◽  
2001 ◽  
pp. 915-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Pinilla ◽  
LC Gonzalez ◽  
F Gaytan ◽  
M Tena-Sempere ◽  
E Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Oestrogen Receptor ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neonatal Administration

Selective oestrogen receptor modulators constitute a family of drugs that are used increasingly in the management of oestrogen-associated pathology. Raloxifene is a selective oestrogen receptor modulator that is used to treat and prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. The actions of raloxifene on bone, breast, uterus and serum cholesterol concentrations have been widely analysed, but very few studies have investigated the possible actions of this drug on the central nervous system. The central nervous system of the newborn rat is very sensitive to oestrogen action. In this study a series of experiments was conducted to analyse the effects of different doses of raloxifene (50, 100, 250 or 500 microg per rat per day) administered to neonatal rats on days 1-5 of age. Female rats treated with raloxifene showed decreased gonadotrophin secretion, hyperprolactinaemia, advanced vaginal opening, decreased body weight, persistent presence of cornified epithelial cells in vaginal smears, anovulation, inhibition of positive feedback between oestradiol and LH, and infertility. Male rats showed delayed balanopreputial separation, reduced body weight and hyperprolactinaemia. All these changes resemble those obtained after neonatal administration of oestradiol benzoate, thus indicating, for the first time, that raloxifene exerts an oestrogenic action on the hypothalamic-pituitary structures controlling reproductive function in rats.

Therapeutic ketosis with ketone ester delays central nervous system oxygen toxicity seizures in rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (10) ◽  
pp. R829-R836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic P. D'Agostino ◽  
Raffaele Pilla ◽  
Heather E. Held ◽  
Carol S. Landon ◽  
Michelle Puchowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Oxygen Toxicity ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Drug Resistant Epilepsy ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Control Water ◽  
Ketone Ester

Central nervous system oxygen toxicity (CNS-OT) seizures occur with little or no warning, and no effective mitigation strategy has been identified. Ketogenic diets (KD) elevate blood ketones and have successfully treated drug-resistant epilepsy. We hypothesized that a ketone ester given orally as R, S-1,3-butanediol acetoacetate diester (BD-AcAc2) would delay CNS-OT seizures in rats breathing hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2). Adult male rats ( n = 60) were implanted with radiotelemetry units to measure electroencephalogram (EEG). One week postsurgery, rats were administered a single oral dose of BD-AcAc2, 1,3-butanediol (BD), or water 30 min before being placed into a hyperbaric chamber and pressurized to 5 atmospheres absolute (ATA) O2. Latency to seizure (LS) was measured from the time maximum pressure was reached until the onset of increased EEG activity and tonic-clonic contractions. Blood was drawn at room pressure from an arterial catheter in an additional 18 animals that were administered the same compounds, and levels of glucose, pH, Po2, Pco2, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acetoacetate (AcAc), and acetone were analyzed. BD-AcAc2 caused a rapid (30 min) and sustained (>4 h) elevation of BHB (>3 mM) and AcAc (>3 mM), which exceeded values reported with a KD or starvation. BD-AcAc2 increased LS by 574 ± 116% compared with control (water) and was due to the effect of AcAc and acetone but not BHB. BD produced ketosis in rats by elevating BHB (>5 mM), but AcAc and acetone remained low or undetectable. BD did not increase LS. In conclusion, acute oral administration of BD-AcAc2 produced sustained ketosis and significantly delayed CNS-OT seizures by elevating AcAc and acetone.

THE INFLUENCE OF SEX ON THE MATURATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE ALBINO RAT

1951 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. EAYRS
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Albino Rat ◽  
Litter Mate ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The growth of the body and central nervous system and the emergence of stereotyped behaviour have been studied in male and female rats during the first 24 days of life. The effects of daily injections of equine gonadotrophin on these measures have also been investigated. The weight of the body and of the central nervous system was significantly less in the female than in the male. The daily administration of 10 i.u. of equine gonadotrophin was without effect on either. The movements of the trunk and limbs concerned in the body-righting reflex became coordinated more slowly in the gonadotrophin-injected animals than in their litter-mate controls. At 15 days old, male rats were able to right in mid-air more successfully than litter-mate females. The placing reflex appeared earlier in the male than in the female. Its appearance was accelerated in the females given gonadotrophin, but not in the males. In the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord of 24-day-old experimental animals, the axis cylinders occupied more space relative to that occupied by myelin than did those of the controls. The total amount of myelin present was unchanged. There was no sex difference in the progress of myelination in the spinal cord. The significance of these findings in relation to the secretion of sex hormones is discussed. It is suggested that the secretion of androgen may be responsible for an acceleration of nervous maturation.

Prediction of central nervous system oxygen toxicity in rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1903-1906 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Arieli ◽  
G. Hershko
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
Oxygen Toxicity ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Power Equation ◽  
The Mean

Cumulative O2 toxicity (K) can be calculated using the expression K = t2 x PO2c, where t is exposure time and the power c is to be determined; the phenomenon is liable to occur when K reaches Kc, the threshold value of K at which a symptom is manifested. Six rats were each exposed six times to 6 ATA O2 at 2-day intervals until the first electrical discharge (FED) was noted in an electroencephalogram. There was no difference in latency to FED in the series of six exposures. Thirteen rats were exposed to O2 until FED was noted in an electroencephalogram. They were exposed to four constant PO2's of 5, 6, 7, and 8 ATA and to two combined profiles of 1) 5 min at 7 ATA followed by 5 ATA and 2) 15 min at 5 ATA followed by 7 ATA. The solution of the equation for each rat was used to predict its latency to FED on the combined profile. The correlation of predicted to measured latency was significant (P < 0.0001), and the slope was not different from 1. Solving for these parameters using the combination of all the data, we obtained Kc = 5.71 x 10(6) and c = 5.39, which correctly predicted the mean latency but failed to predict individual latency. It is preferable to use each rat as its own control. The significance of the correlation supports the validity of the power equation for calculating K.

Antecedent short-term central nervous system administration of estrogen and progesterone alters counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia in conscious male rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (6) ◽  
pp. E1511-E1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darleen A. Sandoval ◽  
Bin Gong ◽  
Stephen N. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Plasma Norepinephrine ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Counterregulatory Hormones ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that antecedent short-term administration of estradiol or progesterone into the central nervous system (CNS) reduces levels of neuroendocrine counterregulatory hormones during subsequent hypoglycemia. Conscious unrestrained male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied during randomized 2-day experiments. Day 1 consisted of an 8-h lateral ventricle infusion of estradiol (1 μg/μl; n = 9), progesterone (1 μg/μl; n = 9), or saline (0.2 μl/min; n = 10). On day 2, a 2-h hyperinsulinemic (30 pmol·kg−1·min−1) hypoglycemic (2.9 ± 0.2 mM) clamp was performed on all rats. Central administration of estradiol on day 1 resulted in significantly lower plasma epinephrine levels during hypoglycemia compared with saline, whereas central administration of progesterone resulted in increased levels of plasma norepinephrine and decreased levels of corticosterone both at baseline and during hypoglycemia. Glucagon responses during hypoglycemia were unaffected by prior administration of estradiol or progesterone. Endogenous glucose production following day 1 estradiol was significantly lower during day 2 hypoglycemia, and consequently, the glucose infusion rate to maintain the glycemia was significantly greater after estradiol administration compared with saline. These data suggest that 1) CNS administration of both female reproductive hormones can have rapid effects in modulating levels of counterregulatory hormones during subsequent hypoglycemia in conscious male rats, 2) forebrain administration of reproductive hormones can significantly reduce pituitary adrenal and sympathetic nervous system drive during hypoglycemia, 3) reproductive steroid hormones produce differential effects on sympathetic nervous system activity during hypoglycemia, and 4) reduction of epinephrine resulted in significantly blunted metabolic counterregulatory responses during hypoglycemia.

Effect of Interaction between Adenosine and Nitric Oxide on Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-wei Xie ◽  
Zhong-zhuang Wang ◽  
Ya-nan Zhang ◽  
Yu-liang Chen ◽  
Run-ping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Oxygen Toxicity

The effect of vigabatrin on central nervous system oxygen toxicity in rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 202 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzahala Tzuk-Shina ◽  
Noemi Bitterman ◽  
Dan Harel
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Oxygen Toxicity

Oxytocin in the central nervous system and sexual behaviour in male rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 414 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy M. Hughes ◽  
Barry J. Everitt ◽  
Stafford L. Lightman ◽  
Kathryn Todd
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System
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