scholarly journals Sodium citrate ingestion protocol impacts induced alkalosis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and palatability

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Urwin ◽  
Rodney J. Snow ◽  
Liliana Orellana ◽  
Dominique Condo ◽  
Glenn D. Wadley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Induced Alkalosis

Induced Alkalosis and Gastrointestinal Symptoms After Sodium Citrate Ingestion: a Dose-Response Investigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Urwin ◽  
Dan B. Dwyer ◽  
Amelia J. Carr
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Bicarbonate Concentration ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Gastrointestinal Distress ◽  
Induced Alkalosis

Sodium citrate induces alkalosis and can provide a performance benefit in high-intensity exercise. Previous investigations have been inconsistent in the ingestion protocols used, in particular the dose and timing of ingestion before the onset of exercise. The primary aim of the current study was to quantify blood pH, blood bicarbonate concentration and gastrointestinal symptoms after ingestion of three doses of sodium citrate (500 mg⋅kg-1, 700 mg⋅kg-1 and 900 mg⋅kg-1). Thirteen participants completed four experimental sessions, each consisting of a different dose of sodium citrate or a taste-matched placebo solution. Blood pH and blood bicarbonate concentration were measured at 30-min intervals via analysis of capillary blood samples. Gastrointestinal symptoms were also monitored at 30-min intervals. Statistical significance was accepted at a level of p < .05. Both measures of alkalosis were significantly greater after ingestion of sodium citrate compared with placebo (p < .001). No significant differences in alkalosis were found between the three sodium citrate doses (p > .05). Peak alkalosis following sodium citrate ingestion ranged from 180 to 212 min after ingestion. Gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly higher after sodium citrate ingestion compared with placebo (p < .001), while the 900 mg.kg-1 dose elicited significantly greater gastrointestinal distress than 500 mg⋅kg-1 (p = .004). It is recommended that a dose of 500 mg⋅kg-1 of sodium citrate should be ingested at least 3 hr before exercise, to achieve peak alkalosis and to minimize gastrointestinal symptoms before and during exercise.

Factors Influencing Blood Alkalosis and Other Physiological Responses, Gastrointestinal Symptoms, and Exercise Performance Following Sodium Citrate Supplementation: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Charles S. Urwin ◽  
Rodney J. Snow ◽  
Dominique Condo ◽  
Rhiannon Snipe ◽  
Glenn D. Wadley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Very High

This review aimed to identify factors associated with (a) physiological responses, (b) gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, and (c) exercise performance following sodium citrate supplementation. A literature search identified 33 articles. Observations of physiological responses and GI symptoms were categorized by dose (< 500, 500, and > 500 mg/kg body mass [BM]) and by timing of postingestion measurements (in minutes). Exercise performance following sodium citrate supplementation was compared with placebo using statistical significance, percentage change, and effect size. Performance observations were categorized by exercise duration (very short < 60 s, short ≥ 60 and ≤ 420 s, and longer > 420 s) and intensity (very high > 100% VO2max and high 90–100% VO2max). Ingestion of 500 mg/kg BM sodium citrate induced blood alkalosis more frequently than < 500 mg/kg BM, and with similar frequency to >500 mg/kg BM. The GI symptoms were minimized when a 500 mg/kg BM dose was ingested in capsules rather than in solution. Significant improvements in performance following sodium citrate supplementation were reported in all observations of short-duration and very high–intensity exercise with a 500 mg/kg BM dose. However, the efficacy of supplementation for short-duration, high-intensity exercise is less clear, given that only 25% of observations reported significant improvements in performance following sodium citrate supplementation. Based on the current literature, the authors recommend ingestion of 500 mg/kg BM sodium citrate in capsules to induce alkalosis and minimize GI symptoms. Supplementation was of most benefit to performance of short-duration exercise of very high intensity; further investigation is required to determine the importance of ingestion duration and timing.

Induced Alkalosis and Caffeine Supplementation: Effects on 2,000-m Rowing Performance

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 357-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia J. Carr ◽  
Christopher J. Gore ◽  
Brian Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Rowing Performance ◽  
Induced Alkalosis

Introduction:The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of ingested caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, and their combination on 2,000-m rowing performance, as well as on induced alkalosis (blood and urine pH and blood bicarbonate concentration [HCO3−]), blood lactate concentration ([La−]), gastrointestinal symptoms, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE).Methods:In a double-blind, crossover study, 8 well-trained rowers performed 2 baseline tests and 4 × 2,000-m rowing-ergometer tests after ingesting 6 mg/kg caffeine, 0.3 g/kg body mass (BM) sodium bicarbonate, both supplements combined, or a placebo. Capillary blood samples were collected at preingestion, pretest, and posttest time points. Pairwise comparisons were made between protocols, and differences were interpreted in relation to the likelihood of exceeding the smallestworthwhile- change thresholds for each variable. A likelihood of >75% was considered a substantial change.Results:Caffeine supplementation elicited a substantial improvement in 2,000-m mean power, with mean (± SD) values of 354 ± 67 W vs. placebo with 346 ± 61 W. Pretest [HCO3−] reached 29.2 ± 2.9 mmol/L with caffeine + bicarbonate and 29.1 ± 1.9 mmol/L with bicarbonate. There were substantial increases in pretest [HCO3−] and pH and posttest urine pH after bicarbonate and caffeine + bicarbonate supplementation compared with placebo, but unclear performance effects.Conclusions:Rowers’ performance in 2,000-m efforts can improve by ~2% with 6 mg/kg BM caffeine supplementation. When caffeine is combined with sodium bicarbonate, gastrointestinal symptoms may prevent performance enhancement, so further investigation of ingestion protocols that minimize side effects is required.

Influence of Pre-Exercise Acidosis and Alkalosis on the Kinetics of Acid-Base Recovery Following Intense Exercise

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Robergs ◽  
Keith Hutchinson ◽  
Shonn Hendee ◽  
Sean Madden ◽  
Jason Siegler
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Recovery Profile ◽  
Dorsal Hand Vein ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Induced Alkalosis

The purpose of this study was to measure the recovery kinetics of pH and lactate for the conditions of pre-exercise acidosis, alkalosis, and placebo states. Twelve trained male cyclists completed 3 exercise trials (110% workload at VO2max), ingesting either 0.3 g/kg of NH4Cl (ACD), 0.2 g/kg of Na+HCO3- and 0.2 g/kg of sodium citrate (ALK), or a placebo (calcium carbonate) (PLAC). Blood samples (heated dorsal hand vein) were drawn before, during, and after exercise. Exercise-induced acidosis was more severe in the ACD and PLAC trials (7.15 ± 0.06, 7.21 ± 0.07, 7.16 ± 0.06, P < 0.05, for ACD, ALK, PLAC, respectively). Recovery kinetics for blood pH and lactate, as assessed by the monoexponential slope constant, were not different between trials (0.057 ± 0.01, 0.050 ± 0.01, 0.080 ± 0.02, for ACD, ALK, PLAC, respectively). Complete recovery of blood pH from metabolic acidosis can take longer than 45 min. Such a recovery profile is nonlinear, with 50% recovery occurring in approximately 12 min. Complete recovery of blood lactate can take longer than 60 min, with 50% recovery occurring in approximately 30 min. Induced alkalosis decreases metabolic acidosis and improves pH recovery compared to acidodic and placebo conditions. Although blood pH and lactate are highly correlated during recovery from acidosis, they recover at significantly different rates.

scholarly journals Does varying the ingestion period of sodium citrate influence blood alkalosis and gastrointestinal symptoms?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251808
Author(s):  
Charles S. Urwin ◽  
Rodney J. Snow ◽  
Liliana Orellana ◽  
Dominique Condo ◽  
Glenn D. Wadley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strong Ion Difference ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
The Mean

Objectives To compare blood alkalosis, gastrointestinal symptoms and indicators of strong ion difference after ingestion of 500 mg.kg-1 BM sodium citrate over four different periods. Methods Sixteen healthy and active participants ingested 500 mg.kg-1 BM sodium citrate in gelatine capsules over a 15, 30, 45 or 60 min period using a randomized cross-over experimental design. Gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaires and venous blood samples were collected before ingestion, immediately post-ingestion, and every 30 min for 480 min post-ingestion. Blood samples were analysed for blood pH, [HCO3-], [Na+], [Cl-] and plasma [citrate]. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the effect of the ingestion protocols. Results For all treatments, blood [HCO3-] was significantly elevated above baseline for the entire 480 min post-ingestion period, and peak occurred 180 min post-ingestion. Blood [HCO3-] and pH were significantly elevated above baseline and not significantly below the peak between 150–270 min post-ingestion. Furthermore, blood pH and [HCO3-] were significantly lower for the 60 min ingestion period when compared to the other treatments. Gastrointestinal symptoms were minor for all treatments; the mean total session symptoms ratings (all times summed together) were between 9.8 and 11.6 from a maximum possible rating of 720. Conclusion Based on the findings of this investigation, sodium citrate should be ingested over a period of less than 60 min (15, 30 or 45 min), and completed 150–270 min before exercise.

Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate on [HCO3−], pH, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia J. Carr ◽  
Gary J. Slater ◽  
Christopher J. Gore ◽  
Brian Dawson ◽  
Louise M. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Optimal Protocol ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Substantial Change

Context:Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is often ingested at a dose of 0.3 g/kg body mass (BM), but ingestion protocols are inconsistent in terms of using solution or capsules, ingestion period, combining NaHCO3 with sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7), and coingested food and fluid.Purpose:To quantify the effect of ingesting 0.3 g/kg NaHCO3 on blood pH, [HCO3−], and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms over the subsequent 3 hr using a range of ingestion protocols and, thus, to determine an optimal protocol.Methods:In a crossover design, 13 physically active subjects undertook 8 NaHCO3 experimental ingestion protocols and 1 placebo protocol. Capillary blood was taken every 30 min and analyzed for pH and [HCO3−]. GI symptoms were quantified every 30 min via questionnaire. Statistics used were pairwise comparisons between protocols; differences were interpreted in relation to smallest worthwhile changes for each variable. A likelihood of >75% was a substantial change.Results:[HCO3−] and pH were substantially greater than in placebo for all other ingestion protocols at almost all time points. When NaHCO3 was coingested with food, the greatest [HCO3−] (30.9 mmol/kg) and pH (7.49) and lowest incidence of GI symptoms were observed. The greatest incidence of GI side effects was observed 90 min after ingestion of 0.3 g/kg NaHCO3 solution.Conclusions:The changes in pH and [HCO3−] for the 8 NaHCO3-ingestion protocols were similar, so an optimal protocol cannot be recommended. However, the results suggest that NaHCO3 coingested with a high-carbohydrate meal should be taken 120–150 min before exercise to induce substantial blood alkalosis and reduce GI symptoms.

Antidepressants for functional gastrointestinal symptoms and syndromes: A meta-analysis

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A642-A642 ◽  
Author(s):  
R CLOUSE ◽  
C PRAKASH ◽  
R ANDERSON ◽  
P LUSTMAN ◽  
W UNIV
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
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