scholarly journals THE GROWING REALITY OF LEGAL RIGHTS FOR COMPANION ANIMALS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
DAVID FAVRE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
The Past ◽  
Divorce Laws ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Legal Right

Over the past decade, the fifty state legislatures of the United States have been adopting legislation for the benefit of the group of animals known as companion animals (pets). When considered together as a set, these laws create an initial set of legal rights for that group of animals. To explore that conclusion, the definition of a legal right and the particular statutes, such as new divorce laws, are considered.

Shouldn't Dead Be Dead?: The Search for a Uniform Definition of Death

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariane Lewis ◽  
Katherine Cahn-Fuller ◽  
Arthur Caplan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Definition Of Death ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Uniform Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Death By Neurologic Criteria ◽  
The Way

In 1968, the definition of death in the United States was expanded to include not just death by cardiopulmonary criteria, but also death by neurologic criteria. We explore the way the definition has been modified by the medical and legal communities over the past 50 years and address the medical, legal and ethical controversies associated with the definition at present, with a particular highlight on the Supreme Court of Nevada Case of Aden Hailu.

scholarly journals Piloting a System for Behavioral Surveillance Among Heterosexuals at Increased Risk of HIV in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A DiNenno ◽  
Alexandra M Oster ◽  
Catlainn Sionean ◽  
Paul Denning ◽  
Amy Lansky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Definition Of

Objectives: During the past decade, the number and proportion of reported HIV cases in the United States acquired through heterosexual contact has increased markedly. CDC employs the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System (NHBS) to monitor risk behaviors and HIV prevalence in high-risk populations. To identify a target population for conducting NHBS among heterosexuals at increased risk for HIV (NHBS-HET), CDC designed, implemented and evaluated a pilot study. Methods: The pilot study was conducted in 25 US metropolitan statistical areas in 2006-7. We recruited men and women who reported sex with at least one opposite-sex partner during the past year for a behavioral survey and HIV test. We investigated the relationship between newly diagnosed HIV infection and individual risk behaviors, sexual network characteristics, and social-structural characteristics to arrive at a definition of a heterosexual at increased risk of HIV. Results: Of 14,750 participants in the analysis, 207 (1.4%) had newly diagnosed HIV infection. Using low socioeconomic status (SES) as a criterion for defining a heterosexual at increased risk for HIV resulted in optimal rates of HIV prevalence, specificity, sensitivity and practicality. Conclusions: Results from the NHBS pilot study underscore the key role of social factors as determinants of HIV infection risk among U.S. heterosexuals, and low SES was incorporated into the definition of a heterosexual at increased risk for HIV in NHBS-HET cycles. Future cycles of NHBS-HET will help tailor prevention programs for those populations most at risk of HIV in the US.

scholarly journals Assessment of multi-decadal WRF-CMAQ simulations for understanding direct aerosol effects on radiation "brightening" in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (13) ◽  
pp. 17711-17742 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-M. Gan ◽  
J. Pleim ◽  
R. Mathur ◽  
C. Hogrefe ◽  
C. N. Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
The Past ◽  
Western Us ◽  
Tropospheric Aerosol ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Aerosol Effects

Abstract. Multi-decadal simulations with the coupled WRF-CMAQ model have been conducted to systematically investigate the changes in anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx over the past 21 years (1990–2010) across the United States (US), their impacts on anthropogenic aerosol loading over North America, and subsequent impacts on regional radiation budgets. In particular, this study attempts to determine the consequences of the changes in tropospheric aerosol burden arising from substantial reductions in emissions of SO2 and NOx associated with control measures under the Clean Air Act (CAA) especially on trends in solar radiation. Extensive analyses conducted by Gan et al. (2014) utilizing observations (e.g. SURFRAD, CASTNET, IMPROVE and ARM) over the past 16 years (1995–2010) indicate a shortwave (SW) radiation (both all-sky and clear-sky) "brightening" in the US. The relationship of the radiation brightening trend with decreases in the aerosol burden is less apparent in the western US. One of the main reasons for this is that the emission controls under the CAA were aimed primarily at reducing pollutants in areas violating national air quality standards, most of which were located in the eastern US while the relatively less populated areas in the western US were less polluted at the beginning of this study period. Comparisons of model results with observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD), aerosol concentration, and radiation demonstrate that the coupled WRF-CMAQ model is capable of replicating the trends well even through it tends to underestimate the AOD. In particular, the sulfate concentration predictions were well matched with the observations. The discrenpancies found in the clear-sky diffuse SW radiation are likely due to several factors such as potential increase of ice particles associated with increasing air traffic, the definition of "clear-sky" in the radiation retrieval methodology and aerosol semi-direct and/or indirect effects which cannot be readily isolated from the observed data.

scholarly journals Evolution Of Direct Shipping Of Wine In The United States -- Economic, Legal And Political Considerations

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Charles W. Ehart ◽  
Donald A. Forrer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
State Laws ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tier System

The study examines the effort of wine producers and others in the United States to permit direct shipping of wine to consumers bypassing the traditional three-tier system, where product typically flows from the supplier, to the wholesaler, to the retailer, and ultimately the consumer. The case study places an emphasis on the economic, legal and political issues that have been faced by state legislatures when considering proposals to permit direct shipping. The analysis will discuss the history and evolution of public policies and state laws in the past three decades and will focus on the Maryland experience.

Rule of Law in the United States. Stability is one of the World’s Most Valued Commodities

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-165
Author(s):  
Joshua W. Dansby
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of

Summary “The rule of law is like the notion of ‘the good’. Everyone is for the good, although we hold different ideas about what the good is.” 1 Two primary ways of viewing the Rule of Law have developed over the years: the “thick” theory of the Rule of Law advocates that, in addition to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced, and independently adjudicated, participation in government decisions (democracy) and consistency with international human rights law are essential for the Rule of Law in a society; the “thin” theory of the Rule of Law asserts that democracy and consistency with human rights law, while nice, are not essential for the Rule of Law. While the Rule of Law is often talked about in the context of developing countries that are coming out of conflict, there is little talk about the Rule of Law and its application to countries such as the United States. The past two years have seen the Rule of Law in the United States threatened as it has never been before, with Senators refusing to do their constitutional duty, a President that threatens to disregard the rulings of the judiciary, and judges both politicizing and abdicating their role as the interpreters of the law. Using a definition of the “thin” theory of the Rule of Law formulated by Brian Tamanahan, I ultimately argue that it not only is, but should be the case that a product of the Rule of Law, stability, a combination of security and predictability, is one of the world’s most valued commodities; and that Rule of Law, rather than the Rule of Man, is and should always be the bedrock of the United States of America.

Review Essay: On Settler Colonialism

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-157
Author(s):  
Kevin Bruyneel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Review Essay ◽  
Settler Colonialism ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Indigenous Lands ◽  
Settler Societies ◽  
Definition Of

As the late Patrick Wolfe phrased it, “settler colonizers come to stay: invasion is a structure not an event.” Settler colonialism as a “structure not an event” captures the idea that settler colonial invasion of Indigenous lands should not be contained as a phenomenon of the past, but rather is continually reproduced throughout the history and present of settler societies such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Israel. To say this is also to raise the question of how to trace and analyze the development, legitimization, and maintenance of the colonial structures in these societies: those built on the dispossession and occupation of stolen lands. To this end, Rita Dhamoon's definition of settler colonialism helps in thinking of it as “not only a structure but also a process, an activity for assigning political meanings, and organizing material structures driven by forces of power.” Dhamoon points us toward attending rigorously to this process in ideological, institutional, structural, and historical terms.

State Legislation on Abortion after Roe v. Wade: Selected Constitutional Issues

1976 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-132
Author(s):  
M. David Bryant
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Supreme ◽  
State Legislation ◽  
Great Volume ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
The Past ◽  
Roe V Wade

Over the past three years, a great volume of legislation on abortion has been produced by state legislatures in an attempt to fill the vacuum created by the United States Supreme Court’s 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade. This Article examines several of the most common types of statutory provisions and assesses their constitutionality in light of Roe v. Wade and other applicable federal and state legal standards.

American Musicology and “The Archives of Eden”

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
HARRY WHITE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
High Schools ◽  
American Culture ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Advanced Study ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University

In his T. S. Eliot Memorial Lectures delivered at the University of Kent in March, 1971, and subsequently published as In Bluebeard's Castle or Some Notes Towards A Re-definition of Culture, George Steiner apostrophized the condition of American culture in the following way:America is the representative and premonitory example [of the democratization of high culture]. Nowhere has the debilitation of genuine literacy gone further (consider the recent surveys of reading-comprehension and recognition in American high schools). But nowhere, also, have the conservation and learned scrutiny of the art or literature of the past been pursued with more generous authority. American libraries, universities, archives, museums, centres for advanced study, are now the indispensable record and treasure-house of civilization. It is here that the European artist and scholar must come to see the cherished after-glow of his culture. Though often obsessed with the future, the United States is now, certainly in regard to the humanities, the active watchman of the classic past.So far, so good. But Steiner's encomium (notwithstanding that second sentence) carried with it a conditional scrutiny which was less attractive in its implications.

Artists in Liberia and the United States: a Comparative View

1982 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-730
Author(s):  
Karen L. Field
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Structural Similarity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
Labour Process ◽  
Specific Material ◽  
Definition Of

In summary, six striking parallels have been found between the artist archetypes in Liberia and the United States, each of which appears to be rooted in some structural similarity between the two societies at the material and social levels. The structural factors which have been suggested as pivotal in determining the nature of the artist archetype have included: (1) the atypicality of the carver/artist/s labour process via-à-vis that of other workers; (2) the development of an alternate value profile congruent with that atypical process; (3) the need for itinerancy/migration to ensure a large enough market for self-support; (4) dependence on the élite class for patronage; (5) relative economic insecurity; and (6) a definition of the product which necessitates solitary labour. These factors combine to create in the general public the image of the artist described earlier.Some carvers and artists may appear to exhibit the traits imputed to them, and even ‘play into’ their expected image; but this phenomenon can be explained without invoking some innate ‘artistic temperament’ or transcultural ‘artist's rôle’. Rather, we can conclude that carvers and artists, like other human beings, are subject to specific material and social constraints that shape their own consciousness and that of their public. Though individuals make art, it is as true of art as of history, that ‘they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given, and transmitted from the past’.

International Research and Variation in Views of Ethnicity

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Ella Inglebret ◽  
Amy Skinder-Meredith ◽  
Shana Bailey ◽  
Carla Jones ◽  
Ashley France
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Classification System ◽  
International Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Research Participants ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Scale ◽  
Publication Patterns

The authors in this article first identify the extent to which research articles published in three American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) journals included participants, age birth to 18 years, from international backgrounds (i.e., residence outside of the United States), and go on to describe associated publication patterns over the past 12 years. These patterns then provide a context for examining variation in the conceptualization of ethnicity on an international scale. Further, the authors examine terminology and categories used by 11 countries where research participants resided. Each country uses a unique classification system. Thus, it can be expected that descriptions of the ethnic characteristics of international participants involved in research published in ASHA journal articles will widely vary.

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