scholarly journals Wygasanie oboczności leksykalnych stryj ║ stryk oraz wuj ║ uj w dobie średniopolskiej

2019 ◽  
pp. 83-95
Author(s):  
Paulina Michalska-Górecka
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language

The aim of this article is to show the rivalry of the two pairs of variants: stryj ║ stryk and wuj ║ uj in the history of the Polish language, especially with respect to Middle Polish. Samples of these forms were taken from dictionaries which note historical Polish lexis – from Old Polish to the 20th century. Moreover, the article is an attempt at identifying the era in which this rivalry finished and which forms developed as norms in the literary language.

scholarly journals Historical Surgical Treatments in Polish Veterinary Medicine

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1487
Author(s):  
Slawomir Gonkowski ◽  
Liliana Rytel ◽  
Krystyna Makowska ◽  
Jaroslaw Calka
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Humoral Theory ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Surgical Treatments

Several methods of surgical treatments have been used in the history of Polish veterinary medicine, many of which have now been forgotten. In the present study, a review was conducted of Polish-language veterinary medicine books published from the 16th century (when the first books in Polish were printed) to the 20th century. The article contains a description of the most popular surgical methods used in animal treatment in Poland over the centuries including, among others, bloodletting, setons, fonticulus and cauterization. This article reviews historical veterinary methods and traces the development of Polish veterinary medicine from ancient cures often based on humoral theory to a modern branch of biologic science.

THE WAY TO LATGALIAN LITERATURE DURING THE 90s OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Via Latgalica ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Ieva Kalniņa
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Book History ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Cultural Space ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

During the 90s of the 20th century revival of Latgalian literature took place in the Republic of Latvia. It was a gradual process; in 2001 in “History of Latvian Literature" created by the Institute of Literature, Folklore and Art of the University of Latvia (ILFA) Ieva E. Kalniņa wrote about poetry of the 90s where she admitted that “it is already quite customary that poetry can be read in Latgalian written language”. Recent studies of Latvian literature in the 90s of the 20th century show that authors have different attitude towards Latgalian literature: Guntis Berelis has not included the revival of Latgalian literature in his list of the new phenomena of Latvian literature in his book “History of Latvian Literature”; among the ILFA researchers only Ieva E. Kalniņa mentions Oskars Seiksts, Anna Rancāne, Andris Vējāns, Osvalds Kravalis along with Vends and Livs among other phenomena of the 90s poetry; meanwhile in the review of prose and drama Latgalian literature is not mentioned at all. In 2007 Māris Salējs in his essay “Reflection on Latvian Literature 2000–2006” included Latgalian poets in the description of Latvian poetry, thus Valentīns Lukaševics and Juoņs Ryučāns together with Kārlis Vērdiņš and Marts Pujāts make up a characteristic trend. In the description of other genres Latgalian literature is not mentioned in this publication either. In this article the similarities and differences of Latvian and Latgalian literary revival process of the late 80s and the 90s of the 20th century are examined with special attention to the literary monthly magazine „Karogs” (Flag). The article deals with the development of literary process, cultural and historical methods are used to reach the aim of this paper – to find out what elements constitute the way to the establishment of Latgalian literature in Latvian cultural space and the importance of literary magazine „Karogs” in this process. There are several common trends of Latvian and Latgalian literary renewal in the 80s and 90s of the 20th century literary process: 1) return of repressed Latvian and Latgalian writers and their work to Latvian culture (such as Marta Skuja); 2) broad entry of exile literature into circulation for Latvian readership (Jānis Klīdzējs Marija Andžāne, etc.); 3) reprinted works, written during the 20s and 30s and unpublished in the Soviet time (Aleksandrs Adamāns); 4) in both traditions a number of exile periodicals begin to come out and some Latvian time periodicals are restored („Acta Latgalica”); 5) return of exile archives to Latvia („Latgaļu sāta”). Postmodern tendencies are observed not only in works of Aivars Ozoliņš, Jānis Vēvers or Gundega Repše, but also in creative work of O. Seiksts. Latgalian language and literature in Latvian cultural space has a special situation: there are important tasks to complete – to create a new alphabet, restore confidence in Latgalian literature in both traditions, the young and middle generation have to start writing in Latgalian tradition. Monthly magazine “Karogs” vividly reveals the new trends in Latgalian literature of the turn of the 80s and 90s, an important role is played by editor Andris Vējāns. It was „Karogs” which published one of the most influential texts of national awakening in Latgalian tradition – poem by O. Kravalis „Brōļ, pīmiņ!” (Brother, remember!). This publication is undeniably regarded as programmatic in Latvian and Latgalian literary traditions, declaring the return of Latgalian tradition and accepting the existence of both literatures. Among important publications in 1988 in the magazine about remembrance of Latgale cultural week, there was an article by Antons Stankēvičs „Atkusnī uzplaucis zieds” (A thaw flower) and Juris Pabērzs’ article „Skan joprojām” (It still sounds) where the role of the minister of culture Voldemārs Kalpiņš was emphasized. Poetry section published a poem of Antons Kūkojs „Atceroties Latgales kultūras nedēļu pirms 30 gadiem” (Remembering Latgale cultural week 30 years ago). The 1989 concept of magazine „Karogs” is obvious in publications of Latvian and Latgalian texts as a desire to respect the two literary traditions and present them to readers throughout Latvia. In 1990 and 2000 when the editor is Māra Zālīte, works of Roberts Mūks, A. Rancāne, J. Klīdzējs are published, some of them are in Latgalian, but mainly publications are in the Latvian literary language. There are two important articles in „Karogs”. Issue No.4, 1994 published Janīna Kursīte’s article „Latgaliešu literatūra – kas tu esi?” (Latgalian literature – who are you?), where the importance of dialects was emphasized and their ability to enrich the Latvian language, also this article pointed out the importance of periphery for the development of centre. Regarding recent Latgalian literature J. Kursīte’s assessment is blunt:”If one looks more carefully at what is published in the Latgalian literary language, one cannot overlook that artistically much of it is “rubbish”.” In 1997 was published Ilga Muižniece’s elegant review „Rūgtais pieradums – (ne dzīvot)” (Bitter habit – (not to live)) about O. Seiksts’ and V. Lukaševics’ novel „Valerjana dzeive i redzīni” (Valerjan’s life and opinions). The 90s mark two cultural traditions of Latgalian literature: 1) to some extent in the Latvian tradition Latgalian literature is viewed as an ethnographic tradition, which shows the possibilities of the Latvian language, diversity of traditions, complements Latvian literature with Latgalian vitality and charm, marks its catholic orientation, shows the natural beauty of Latgale; 2) Latgalian literature is considered an independent literature, writing in Latgalian is authors’ way of self-expression, it does not try to add anything to Latvian literary tradition, and it is based in Latgale and together with the Latvian literary tradition forms Latvian literature. Revival of Latgalian literature is one of the brightest features of culturally restored independent Latvia.

scholarly journals Wpływ logiki formalnej na kształtowanie się polskiej terminologii gramatycznej w drugiej połowie XX wieku

2020 ◽  
Vol LXXVI (76) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Maciej Grochowski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
Formal Logic ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Predicate Argument Structure

Językoznawcy polscy, teoretycy języka, urodzeni w latach trzydziestych XX wieku, którzy rozpoczęli swoją działalność naukową w latach pięćdziesiątych XX wieku, poszukiwali nowych metod opisu gramatycznego języka polskiego. Istotny wpływ na liczne prace z zakresu gramatyki polskiej Andrzeja Bogusławskiego, Stanisława Karolaka, Zuzanny Topolińskiej i innych badaczy tego pokolenia miała metodologia europejskiego strukturalizmu i logiki formalnej. Uczeni posługiwali się wieloma terminami pochodzącymi z rachunku funkcyjnego i rachunku zdań, a także tworzyli nowe, oparte na terminologii logicznej. W tym artykule omawiane są dwa podstawowe terminy logiczne, predykat i implikacja, a następnie dwie grupy terminów gramatycznych na nich opartych. Do pierwszej należy np. wyrażenie predykatywne, struktura predykatowo-argumentowa, a do drugiej implikacja semantyczna i sprzeczność. The influence of formal logic on the development of Polish grammatical terminology in the second half of the 20th century. Summary: The generation of the Polish language theoreticians who were born in the 1930s and started their scientific activity in the 1950s searched for new methods of the grammatical description of Polish. The methodology of European structuralism and formal logic had a significant influence on numerous studies on Polish grammar authored by Andrzej Bogusławski, Stanisław Karolak, Zuzanna Topolińska, and by other scholars of the same generation. They used terms taken from functional and sentential calculi, and created new ones that were based on logical terminology. The article first discusses two basic terms used in logic, namely, predicate and implication, to then address two sets of grammatical terms which are based on the logical terms. The first set includes terms such as e.g. predicative expression, predicate-argument structure, whereas the other set contains terms such as semantic implication, contradiction. Keywords: history of Polish linguistics, grammar, semantics, formal logic, terminology

scholarly journals Dynamics of stylistic norms in the artistic discourse of the xx century

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-A) ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
Halyna М. Siuta ◽  
Iryna M Ivanenko ◽  
Zoriana R. Dubravska ◽  
Liudmyla M. Mialkovska ◽  
Olha R. Senkovych
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
World Culture ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comparison And Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Level

Ukrainian literary language is a complex communicative system, synchronous-diachronic section of which is informative regarding the state of development of national consciousness, intellectual level of society, and in a broader sense – concerning inscribing of the language in the history of national and world culture. This article is devoted to tracing the temporal and conceptual dynamics of the stylistic norm in the work of Ukrainian writers of the 20th century. The methodological basis for the study was made by such methods as comparison and analysis of literary works of Ukrainian writers of the XX century. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that the linguistic norm is a cognitive reference point for the scientific parameterization of the style norm of artistic discourse. The authors also emphasize that the dynamism of the stylistic artistic norm lies in the ability of the poetic language to respond to the development of artistic and linguistic consciousness, thinking of both the author and the reader in various manifestations.    

scholarly journals TO THE HISTORY OF USING UDMURT LEXICAL DIALECTISMS IN EARLY TEXTS AND PATHS TO THEIR SYNONYMIZATION (Using example words with the meaning ’to deceive’)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 785-803
Author(s):  
V.K. Kel'makov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Subsequent Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Printed Materials ◽  
The 19Th Century

Due to the lack of a common Udmurt written language, the translated texts of the first half of the 19th century and the subsequent time up to the beginning of the 20th century were formally oriented towards the native speakers of separate Udmurt dialects and therefore, they were mainly based on the Sarapul, Glazov, Kazan, Yelabuga and other dialects. However, in most cases, these translated texts - even the earliest ones - were linguistically different in various degrees from the spoken variant of the original basic dialects, since translators and editors were forced to incorporate linguistic elements from other dialects, firstly, in order to make these translations accessible for the majority of the Udmurt readers, and secondly, to enhance the expressive capabilities of the literary Udmurt language. Consequently, even the very first as well as the following Udmurt translations of Russian and (partially) Christian Tatar religious texts introduced various dialectal inclusions, especially lexical ones. The article discusses the ways and methods of using inter-dialectical lexical parallels with special attention to one of them, consisting of lexical units with the common meaning “to deceive” (in the clerical literature also “seduce, tempt”): southern aldani̮, peripheral southern and central örekč́ani̮ and northern pöjani̮. In the end, these specific words and a number of other inter-dialectal correspondences close to each other in meaning were subjected in the Udmurt literary language to full or partial synonymization, as evidenced by the language of Udmurt printed materials of recent decades.

scholarly journals Mistrz, bakałarz, belfer: What was an individual who teaches others called throughout the history of the Polish language?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 21-39
Author(s):  
Beata Kaczmarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
Home Schooling ◽  
Rural School ◽  
Linguistic Validation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Schooling System

The article presents vocabulary describing a person who teaches others, recorded in dictionaries of the Polish language from the earliest times to mid-20th century. It arranges the collected material chronologically and semantically, describing the history of particular lexical units as reflected in dictionaries. The author pays attention to the genetic, morphological and stylistic diversity of the collected words, and considers the unusually high number of lexemes as a linguistic validation of the lack of a unified organizational schooling system in parallel with a long tradition of home schooling. The numerous common nouns represent a linguistic reflection of low qualifications and requirements for those teaching in elementary schools, especially in rural schools. It is demonstrated that many of the names used in the history of the Polish language in relation to a rural school teacher demonstrate a lack of social appreciation for the profession.

Ieskats drukātās reklāmas vēsturē 20. gadsimta 30. gados: daži Liepājas piemēri

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
Uldis Drišļuks ◽  
Ārija Kolosova ◽  
Inta Kulberga
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Expert Interview ◽  
History Of ◽  
Advertising Language ◽  
Language Context ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Historical advertisements and their language reflect tendencies and activities of the particular time period. When studying historical advertisement and its language, certain skills are required nowadays in order to understand the peculiarities, usage and significance of the language of the time. Advertisement is the source of history of its time, and its research provides an insight into both the history of the particular place, the city and the society of the time, its habits and values. Also, the political history of the age leaves an impact on the content of the advertisement. In its turn, comprehension of the language is a significant factor, as the text dominates in historical advertisements, and there are few pictures. An insight into the history of printed advertisement proves that a concise “text of advertisement” had to be created in order to get the advertisement printed in a publication, naming and advertising a particular product or service, it was important to show the information where the particular product could have been bought. The aim of the article is to provide an insight into the history of printed advertisement, using advertisements published in Liepāja publications during the 30s of the 20th century, mostly paying attention to the language of advertisements. In the article, the language of origin and problems of printed advertisements of the 30s of the 20th century have been analysed; differences in the language application have been studied comparing them with advertisement language nowadays. Analysis of literature and other resources, students’ surveys, and expert interview methods have been used to achieve the aim of the article. Research methods have been used in order to understand texts of old advertisements as resources of historical evidence, to study the written language of the time, as well as to understand that the advertisement of the time in the language context differs from the modern advertisement language and also from the Latvian literary language in general. It has been concluded that the Latvian language in the course of time is changing and developing. The language used in advertisements is simple; in order to attract attention, the superlative degree of adjectives is used. Advertisements are printed in black-and-white; the effect is achieved with bold letters and font size; the personification of the advertisement is common. Nowadays, youth can perceive the historical advertisement and be surprised that it was also used earlier in order, e. g. to attract customers to products. Some similar advertising slogans can be found that are still used nowadays. However, some difficulties are encountered when reflecting on the language of the time – separate words, expressions, also the applied orthography, as well as the old (Gothic) print. Youth justify difficulties of text perception with language development in the course of time, application of archaisms; they see the impact of the German language. The text of advertisements seems simple, even primitive, topical; it is an offer of practically applicable things. Nevertheless, the expert interviews confirm that the impact of a foreign language can be noticed in the advertising language, forms, words that are not used in the modern Latvian literary language any longer. To sum up, the authors of the article think that the research of the advertising language in the context of history is essential. Also, nowadays, when the digital marketing has developed, the issue about the communication with the consumer is still topical from the advertising point of view, and also the language application and content are important – what and how we want to say to consumers.

Kreacja postaci Świętego Jerzego w wybranych tekstach polskich

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (23) ◽  
pp. 167-182
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Czarnecka
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Visual Arts ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Research Material ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Symbolic Functioning ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Way

The work relates to the creation of Saint George – a dragon slayer emerging from the selection of texts published in the Polish language since the beginning of the 20th century. Analytical considerations are preceded by an outline of the history of the hagiographic message about Saint George, taking into account symbolic functioning of this character in various areas of culture. Works differentiated in genological terms and taken from various sources (classical literature, folklore texts, poetic songs) were selected as the research material. Saint George’s creation was characterized in four ways: 1. A pious knight, 2. A dragon slayer, 3. A character from artistic concepts, 4. A hero deprived of his legend. The article is finalized by conclusions regarding the differentiation of the plot, the way of taking into account the religious element (from the paraenetic pattern to desacralization), and literary references to visual arts.

scholarly journals Czy współcześnie powstający kaszubski język literacki oraz obecnie tworzony język neobretoński mogą stanowić przedmiot dociekań badaczy językowego obrazu świata?

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 270-279
Author(s):  
Nicole Dołowy-Rybińska ◽  
Hanna Popowska-Taborska
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
The World ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Culture And Language

Can the presently created Kashubian literary language and the currently formed new Breton language be objects of consideration for researchers of the linguistic picture of the world?The influence of the Polish language in conjunction with education and the mass media have brought about in the second half of the 20th century a growth of Polish-Kashubian bilingualism and a decline of Kashubian dialects. Simultaneously, work on the creation and promotion of the literary Kashubian language has begun. The standard Kashubian language is new to all users as is the new Breton language standardized in the last decades of the 20th century. Intergenerational transmission of the Breton language was severed after WWII. The ethnic revival of the 1970s led to the revalorization of the Breton culture and language, taught since then in a number of schools and at adult courses. Normalized Kashubian and Breton languages are full of neologisms. But at the same time they have also been considerably purified of those traits which make them similar to the respective dominant language (Polish and French). Furthermore, the range of use to which these minority languages are put is very different from one user to another. All these specifics result in the near impossibility of researching the linguistic picture of the world of contemporary normalized minority languages. Czy współcześnie powstający kaszubski język literacki oraz obecnie tworzony język neobretoński mogą stanowić przedmiot dociekań badaczy językowego obrazu świata?Wpływ polszczyzny związany ze szkołą i mediami masowymi spowodował wzrost w drugiej połowie XX wieku dwujęzyczności kaszubsko-polskiej i zanikanie dialektów kaszubskich. Jednocześnie rozpoczęły się prace nad stworzeniem i upowszechnieniem kaszubskiego języka literackiego. Standardowy język kaszubski jest nowy dla wszystkich użytkowników, podobnie jak standaryzowany w drugiej połowie XX wieku język bretoński. Międzypokoleniowa transmisja bretońskiego została przerwana w połowie XX wieku. Odrodzenie etniczne lat 70. XX wieku doprowadziło do rewaloryzacji kultury i języka bretońskiego, którego dzieci zaczęły się uczyć w szkołach, a dorośli – na kursach. Znormalizowane języki kaszubski i bretoński pełne są neologizmów, podlegają również procesom puryfikacji mającym oczyścić je z cech upodobniających do języka dominującego (polskiego i francuskiego). Zakres posługiwania się nimi u poszczególnych ich użytkowników jest silnie zróżnicowany. Wszystkie te fakty sprawiają, że badanie językowego obrazu świata normalizowanych obecnie języków mniejszościowych nie wydaje się możliwe.

scholarly journals Zapożyczenia w słownictwie wyścigów konnych w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym (na podstawie czasopisma „Jeździec i Hodowca”).

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-57
Author(s):  
Milena Wojtyńska-Nowotka
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Method ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Horse Racing ◽  
Language System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language

This paper represents the stream of structuralist research and has been dedicated to discussing a selected portion of the sports vocabulary of the interwar period. On the basis of the „Jeździec i hodowca” (“Rider and breeder”) magazine, foreign words present in the horse-racing vocabulary have been analysed. The research concentrates on describing the chronology and genetics of the borrowings, their registration in selected lexicographic sources, and the thematic circles they represent. The conclusion of this paper indicates that a large portion of the vocabulary borrowed from horse races was not stabilized and was subject to adaptation to the Polish language system in the selected period. Keywords: structuralism – history of Polish – 20th century – sports vocabulary – horse-racing vocabulary – vocabulary of Polish magazines form the period 1918 –1939 – borrowings – thematic circles – statistical method of examining vocabulary

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