scholarly journals Sposoby gromadzenia oraz magazynowania zasobów wodnych w klasycznej kulturze nizinnych majów (iii–ix/x wiek n.e.)

2014 ◽  
pp. 31-52
Author(s):  
Kajetan Jagodziński
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Central America ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Ancient Maya ◽  
Normal Functioning ◽  
Water Lily ◽  
Short Supply

Ththe Maya, Central America, water, water management, aguadas, chultunes, water lily, ancient civilisations e main task of this paper is to demonstrate how the ancient Maya solved the problem of collecting and storing water, which due to geological and hydrological conditions was in very short supply at a certain period. For this reason, the indigenous population developed a range of methods which enabled them to resolve the problem; for instance, they built reservoirs or utilised natural hollows to increase the capacity of water storage. This study aims to present their major hydrotechnological measures, which permitted normal functioning of a society in the very demanding climatic conditions.

Marginalization, Assimilation, and Resurgence: Indigenous People in Central America since Independence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Gabbert
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Central American ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Land Loss ◽  
Agricultural Export

While the end of colonial rule brought formal equality it did not end discrimination and marginalization of the indigenous population in independent Central America. Many suffered land loss and proletarianization in the emerging agricultural export economy. However, indigenous people were not mere victims of exploitation, displacement, and ladinization but played an often active role in Central American politics. Participation in the market economy and access to education fostered stratification within the indigenous population. The emergence of well-off and educated Indians and changes in international politics promoting multiculturalism contributed to the emergence of indigenous movements in recent decades. While some progress has been made concerning the recognition of cultural difference and autonomy, land rights are still a much disputed issue.

Ancient Maya water management, agriculture, and society in the area of Chactún, Campeche, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 101261
Author(s):  
Ivan Šprajc ◽  
Nicholas P. Dunning ◽  
Jasmina Štajdohar ◽  
Quintin Hernández Gómez ◽  
Israel Chato López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Ancient Maya

In Sickness and Health: Views on Child Health From a Mayan Village

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morgan E. Braxton ◽  
Kim L. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Water Filter ◽  
Health Advice ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Access To Food

Introduction: Guatemala is the only country in Central America with a majority indigenous population. Most indigenous Mayans prefer to seek health advice from family members. It is important to understand the beliefs of Mayan caregivers. The purpose of this study was to examine indigenous ways of explaining health and illness in the context of one Mayan village. Method: We applied a qualitative descriptive design in summer 2017. Interviews were conducted in Spanish with 10 Mayan caregivers, who were primarily female, between ages 19 and 50 years, in Guatemala. The sample was drawn from families who received a water filter the previous year. Results: Health was explained by access to food, including local herbs, and clean water. Illness was explained by bodily symptoms and behavioral changes. Discussion: Findings align with several United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and suggest a need to strategize with global partners.

scholarly journals Water storage reservoirs and their role in the development, utilization and protection of catchment

Spatium ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Branislav Djordjevic ◽  
Tina Dasic
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Storage Reservoirs ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Hydrological Regimes

Reasons why water storage reservoirs are necessary in accordance with the sustainable development strategy are described in the paper. The main positive and negative impacts of reservoirs on the environment are analyzed. The most important are: the improvement of hydrological regimes (decreasing maximal and increasing minimal flows), the creation of optimal water management, utilization and protection of water, and the creation of better conditions for river and coastal ecosystems. Negative impacts and measures for its mitigation or elimination are also analyzed. The conclusion is that water storage reservoirs can be harmoniously incorporated into the environment. Serbia has a limited number of locations suitable for the construction of reservoirs, therefore it is necessary to retain these areas for storage in regional development plans and other legal acts.

scholarly journals Ecological and economic aspects of optimizing the creation and functioning of drainage systems in accordance with modern requirements

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 02009
Author(s):  
Anatoly Rokochinskiy ◽  
Yuri Mazhayskiy ◽  
Pavlo Volk ◽  
Roman Koptyuk ◽  
Lubov Volk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Local Optima ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Simulation And Optimization ◽  
The Creation

Land reclamation is important in the development of agricultural production for unfavorable climatic conditions. This necessitates the improvement of scientific and methodological approaches to the creation and operation of water management and reclamation facilities, including drainage systems, which are adapted to these changes. Approaches to the type and design of drainage systems based on a combination of a modern progressive optimization approach with the traditional water balance method, hydrodynamic and hydraulic methods are presented. Approaches to the systemic optimization of technological and design solutions for the creation and operation of drainage systems have been determined. It seems that the drainage system is a complex natural and technical ecological and economic system. Finding the general optimum in such a system based on the system optimization consists in substantiating local optima for all its main components of heterogeneous elements in the system effect - mode - technology - design in their interconnection. The practical implementation of a complex of predictive-simulation and optimization calculations in projects for new construction, reconstruction and modernization of drainage systems based on the developed scientific, methodological, information and software can be carried out using the appropriate toolkit, which is CAD and modern BIM technologies. The transition to optimization methods will improve the feasibility and overall technical, technological, environmental and economic efficiency of the creation and operation of water management and reclamation facilities in accordance with modern requirements.

scholarly journals Evaporation suppression and energy balance of water reservoirs covered with self-assembling floating elements

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 4015-4032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Aminzadeh ◽  
Peter Lehmann ◽  
Dani Or
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Radiative Energy ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Evaporation Suppression

Abstract. The growing pressure on natural freshwater resources and the projected climate variability are expected to increase the need for water storage during rainy periods. Evaporative losses present a challenge for the efficiency of water storage in reservoirs, especially in arid regions with chronic water shortages. Among the available methods for suppressing evaporative losses, self-assembling floating elements offer a simple and scalable solution, especially for small reservoirs. The use of floating elements has often been empirically based; we thus seek a framework for systematic consideration of floating element properties, local climate and reservoir conditions to better predict evaporative loss, energy balance and heat fluxes from covered water reservoirs. We linked the energy balance of the water column with energy considerations of the floating elements. Results suggest significant suppression of evaporative losses from covered reservoirs in which incoming radiative energy is partitioned to sensible and long wave fluxes that reduce latent heat flux and thus increase the Bowen ratio over covered water reservoirs. Model findings were consistent with laboratory-scale observations using an uncovered and covered small basin. The study offers a physically based framework for testing design scenarios in terms of evaporation suppression efficiency for various climatic conditions; it hence strengthens the science in the basis of this important water resource conservation strategy.

scholarly journals Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the Island of Crete, Greece

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Tzanakakis ◽  
A. N. Angelakis ◽  
N. V. Paranychianakis ◽  
Y. G. Dialynas ◽  
G. Tchobanoglous
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Critical Issues

Crete, located in the South Mediterranean Sea, is characterized by long coastal areas, varied terrain relief and geology, and great spatial and inter-annual variations in precipitation. Under average meteorological conditions, the island is water-sufficient (969 mm precipitation; theoretical water potential 3284 hm3; and total water use 610 hm3). Agriculture is by far the greatest user of water (78% of total water use), followed by domestic use (21%). Despite the high average water availability, water scarcity events commonly occur, particularly in the eastern-south part of the island, driven by local climatic conditions and seasonal or geographical mismatches between water availability and demand. Other critical issues in water management include the over-exploitation of groundwater, accounting for 93% of the water used in agriculture; low water use efficiencies in the farms; limited use of non-conventional water sources (effluent reuse); lack of modern frameworks of control and monitoring; and inadequate cooperation among stakeholders. These deficiencies impact adversely water use efficiency, deteriorate quality of water resources, increase competition for water and water pricing, and impair agriculture and environment. Moreover, the water-limited areas may display low adaptation potential to climate variability and face increased risks for the human-managed and natural ecosystems. The development of appropriate water governance frameworks that promote the development of integrated water management plans and allow concurrently flexibility to account for local differentiations in social-economic favors is urgently needed to achieve efficient water management and to improve the adaptation to the changing climatic conditions. Specific corrective actions may include use of alternative water sources (e.g., treated effluent and brackish water), implementation of efficient water use practices, re-formation of pricing policy, efficient control and monitoring, and investment in research and innovation to support the above actions. It is necessary to strengthen the links across stakeholders (e.g., farmers, enterprises, corporations, institutes, universities, agencies, and public authorities), along with an effective and updated governance framework to address the critical issues in water management, facilitate knowledge transfer, and promote the efficient use of non-conventional water resources.

scholarly journals Calibration of reference evapotranspiration models in Pará

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e42475
Author(s):  
Vivian Dielly da Silva Farias ◽  
Deborah Luciany Pires Costa ◽  
Joao Vitor de Novoa Pinto ◽  
Paulo Jorge Oliveira Ponte de Souza ◽  
Everaldo Barreiro de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Statistical Criteria

The use of empirical agrometeorological models that can be adjusted to the climatic conditions of different regions has become increasingly necessary to improve water management in grain-producing municipalities. The aim of this work is to examine the correlation between various reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation methods and the standard FAO 56 Penman-Monteith method, as well as to determine correction factors, when necessary, for crop-producing municipalities in the northeast of Pará, during both the rainy and dry seasons. We compared simpler methods of ETo estimation to the FAO 56 Penman-Monteith method. For this purpose, meteorological data from Tracuateua, Bragança, Capitão Poço and Castanhal, provided by the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), were used. The calibration of equations was performed through linear regression. The accuracy of different estimation methods was examined. The Turc, FAO 24 Blaney-Criddle and regression methods presented the best results for all statistical criteria; the Priestley-Taylor, Makkink and FAO 24 Radiation methods presented excellent results after calibration. The methods of Camargo and Hargreaves-Samani produced the worst results for all the criteria.

scholarly journals Irrigation Events Detection over Intensively Irrigated Grassland Plots Using Sentinel-1 Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4058
Author(s):  
Hassan Bazzi ◽  
Nicolas Baghdadi ◽  
Ibrahim Fayad ◽  
François Charron ◽  
Mehrez Zribi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Sar Image ◽  
Detection Model

Better management of water consumption and irrigation schedule in irrigated agriculture is essential in order to save water resources, especially at regional scales and under changing climatic conditions. In the context of water management, the aim of this study is to monitor irrigation activities by detecting the irrigation episodes at plot scale using the Sentinel-1 (S1) C-band SAR (synthetic-aperture radar) time series over intensively irrigated grassland plots located in the Crau plain of southeast France. The method consisted of assessing the newly developed irrigation detection model (IDM) at plot scale over the irrigated grassland plots. First, four S1-SAR time series acquired from four different S1-SAR acquisitions (different S1 orbits), each at six-day revisit time, were obtained over the study site. Next, the IDM was applied at each available SAR image from each S1-SAR series to obtain an irrigation indicator at each SAR image (no, low, medium, or high irrigation possibility). Then, the irrigation indicators obtained at each image from each S1-SAR time series (four series) were added and combined by threshold value criteria to determine the existence or absence of an irrigation event. Finally, the performance of the IDM for irrigation detection was assessed by comparing the in situ recorded irrigation events at each plot and the detected irrigation events. The results show that using only the VV polarization, 82.4% of the in situ registered irrigation events are correctly detected with an F_score value reaching 73.8%. Less accuracy is obtained using only the VH polarization, where 79.9% of the in situ irrigation events are correctly detected with an F_score of 72.2%. The combined use of the VV and VH polarization showed that 74.1% of the irrigation events are detected with a higher F_score value of 76.4%. The analysis of the undetected irrigation events revealed that, in the presence of very well-developed vegetation cover (normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI) ≥ 0.8); higher uncertainty in irrigation detection is observed, where 80% of the undetected events correspond to an NDVI value greater than 0.8. The results also showed that small-sized plots encounter more false irrigation detections than large-sized plots certainly because the pixel spacing of S1 data (10 m × 10 m) is not adapted to small size plots. The obtained results prove the efficiency of the S1 C-band data and the IDM for detecting irrigation events at the plot scale, which would help in improving the irrigation water management at large scales especially with availability and global coverage of the S1 product.

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