scholarly journals Swój „Obcy”. Wewnętrzni uchodźcy w Gruzji

2018 ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Stanisława Budzisz-Cysewska
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
South Ossetia ◽  
The Soviet Union

Strangers in their own country. Internally Displaced Persons After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Georgia participated in the armed conflicts over South Ossetia (1991-1992 and 2008) and Abkhazia (1992-1993). As a consequence, Georgia had to accept forced displaced persons. The following thesis focuses on the Abkhazian conflict, its causes and effects. The thesis is based on the analysis of the specific situation of IDPs which has gone on since 1993. The thesis describes the living conditions and prospects of the group of Abkhazian Georgians who were displaced within the territory of their own country and became internally displaced persons.

Trapped in the Past: Memories of Georgian Internally Displaced Persons on the Margins of Society

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malkhaz Toria ◽  
Nino Pirtskhalava ◽  
Elene Kekelia ◽  
Konstantine Ladaria
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Internal Displacement ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
South Ossetia ◽  
The Past ◽  
Constant Pain ◽  
Imperial Politics

AbstractFrom the early 1990s through the 2008 “Russo-Georgian war,” waves of armed conflicts in the Abkhazia and South Ossetia/Tskhinvali regions of Georgia forced thousands of residents, mainly ethnic Georgians, to leave their homes. More than two decades of protracted internal displacement, marked by tough economic and social problems, led this vulnerable community to a common trap in reckoning with the past: an overwhelming sense of the fundamental ruptures between the idealized past and current, miserable reality. Failures of the displacement policy and “side effects” of numerous humanitarian aid projects hinder internally displaced persons’ social integration and leave them on the margins of Georgian society with almost a singular option: to constantly recall meaningful life in the lost homeland, which they remember as free of ethnic phobias and economic problems. In this article, we suggest that for persons who are internally displaced, memories are defined not only by their past lived experiences and present hardships, but also by the official historical narratives that argue that Georgian-Abkhazian and Georgian-Ossetian “endemic” unity and cohabitation was destroyed by Russian imperial politics. Living in constant pain also narrows the future expectations of the internally displaced persons. However, it is the past and the memories that are supposed to be useful in achieving the utopian dream of a return.

scholarly journals Ancestor Worship and Disrupted Continuity among Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Georgia

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nana Chabukiani
Keyword(s):  
Social Group ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Ancestor Worship ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
South Ossetia ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Settlements

Due to the Russian-Georgian military conflict in 2008, thousands of eth- nic Georgians had to flee from their villages in South Ossetia and move to new settlements built for what were now termed internally displaced persons (IDPs). Through displace- ment, IDPs lost their connection with their places of origin and, consequently, their con- nection with their ancestry. Based on ethnographic research conducted in the Koda IDP settlement, the article explores how rituals related to the deceased help IDPs sustain be- longing to their family lineage. The article illustrates that verbal commemoration, and in particular toasting, gives IDPs an opportunity to maintain presence of the deceased within their social group. While verbal commemoration is sufficient for this, tangible objects also seem to play a significant role. The place of burial and the soil provide an opportunity for the continuation of the social group of the extended family and its constant re-creation.

scholarly journals Specifics of Migration Development n the South-East of Ukraine in 2014-2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Elena V. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
The South ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article analyzes the transformation of migration processes in the south-east of Ukraine, caused by the consequences of the armed conflict in this territory. The study touches upon the problem of adaptation of internally displaced persons, which requires its solution, but the measures taken by the state do not allow settling the problem of accommodation, employment, observance of the constitutional rights of people who have moved from Donetsk and Lugansk regions to other ones of the country. Forced migration, which arose as a result of the military confrontation and the deterioration of the socio-economic situation, deprived the majority of the working-age population of the opportunity to work in accordance with the acquired qualifications. This led to significant migration changes in the region. A lot of citizens have become either internally displaced persons, or rushed to other countries, residents of the south-eastern regions of Ukraine, more often choose the Russian Federation. Therefore, this article discusses measures to regulate migration processes in the Russian Federation, which was largely influenced by the current situation, especially at the beginning of the exacerbation. An analysis of the subsequent steps taken by the Russian authorities shows that in 2015-2016 individual measures did not solve the problem as a whole. Therefore, later the draft law on simplifying Russian citizenship for compatriots who live in countries with a difficult situation or in conditions of armed conflicts was adopted in 2018. Finally, in 2019, Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation No. 183 and No. 187 with July amendments for citizens of Ukraine from other regions, and then additions to the Federal Law “On Citizenship of the Russian Federation” (April 2020) simplified the situation and determined the interest in these citizens. And the statistical data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation cited in the study confirm the growth trend in the number of such citizens. Although the lack of demand for their professional experience, the problems of settling in a new place require further regulation. Some of the citizens who have received Russian citizenship remain to live and work in the unrecognized republics. After analyzing the ongoing changes in the migration situation in the south-east of Ukraine, the features that affect its development and further migration trends in this region were identified. This article points to a possible military exacerbation, which determines the further development of the situation.

5 Persons Covered by International Humanitarian Law: Main Categories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hill-Cawthorne Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
The Law

This chapter identifies the main categories of persons deemed to be in need of protection in situations of armed conflict, according to which the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) are structured. The two principal categories of persons under the law of international armed conflict (IAC) are combatants/prisoners of war (POWs) and civilians. This categorization lies at the heart of one of the key principles of IHL, that of the distinction between combatants (being, generally, lawful targets) and civilians (being, generally, not lawful targets). These two principal categories are then further divided, with special (additional) rules applying to certain persons falling within each sub-category—including the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked; women; children; the elderly, disabled, and infirm; refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs); mercenaries and spies; journalists; and the missing and the dead. For some of these categories of persons, such as women and displaced persons, the rules remain very basic and inadequate for the contemporary challenges faced in armed conflicts. What is more, many of these categories are even less clearly defined under the law of non-international armed conflict (NIAC).

scholarly journals DIFFICULTIES OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF VULNERABLE GROUPS OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS TO NEW LIVING CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 469-472
Author(s):  
Yaroslava Yurkiv ◽  
Dmytro Lukanov
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Psychological Adaptation ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Legal Documents

The urgency of the problem raised for discussion by the authors of the article is caused by the difficulties of socio-psychological adaptation of vulnerable groups of internally displaced persons to new living conditions (including children and the elderly (elderly)). The purpose of the article is to outline the difficulties of adaptation of children and elderly IDPs on the basis of the analysis of scientific literature, normative-legal documents, results of sociological researches. Research methods used: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and legal documents, generalization, classification (to clarify the key concepts of the study), systematization, grouping (to conceptualize the main provisions of the study), theoretical generalization (to formulate final provisions and conclusions). The results of the study were that it was found that in IDP children the greatest difficulties in adaptation are: impaired psycho-emotional health; complicating the process of socialization and the quality of education. Difficulties of adaptation of the elderly: social passivity of retirees, loss of necessary and desirable contacts, insecurity from the environment, as well as the threat to well-being and health, increased suspicion. It is the mental state and psychological attitude that determine the ability to adapt, the ability to cope, to survive. Forced migrants are in dire need of social and psychological assistance in overcoming life crises and professional advice from social workers. Prospects for further research are related to the identification and study of existing best Ukrainian practices of public and international organizations that adapt internally displaced persons to new living conditions.

scholarly journals Empowering the crowd: Feasible strategies to minimize the spread of COVID-19 in high-density informal settlements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Pascual-García ◽  
Jordan Klein ◽  
Jennifer Villers ◽  
Eduard Campillo-Funollet ◽  
Chamsy Sarkis
Keyword(s):  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
High Density ◽  
Internally Displaced Persons ◽  
Displaced Persons ◽  
Safety Zone ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Impact

More than 1 billion people live in informal settlements worldwide, where precarious living conditions pose additional challenges to the management of a COVID-19 outbreak. Well-established measures, such as social distancing, testing, contact tracing, improved hygiene, and generalized use of personal protective equipment, are almost impossible to implement. We specifically investigated the impact of adapting these measures to informal settlements located in regions immersed in protracted conflicts, taking the Northwest region of Syria (NWS) as a case study. Such regions need to contend with the public health challenges resulting from violence, deterioration of health-systems, and political instability. We implemented a stochastic Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered model to simulate the spread of the virus in high-density camps of Internally Displaced Persons, using a population structure representative of these camps. We chose parameters corresponding to a worst-case scenario where there is no healthcare available. We expanded on previous models to adapt feasible interventions to the living conditions in the camps, including moderate self-distancing, self-isolation of symptomatic individuals, and protection of the most vulnerable in "safety zones". All the interventions significantly reduce the probability of observing an outbreak and the death toll. Self-distancing brings the best results if contacts are reduced by 50%, with mortality reduced by up to 35%. A similar reduction in mortality can be achieved by providing 1 self-isolation tent per 200 individuals. Protecting the vulnerable in a safety zone has synergistic effects with previous interventions for the whole population, but is especially beneficial for the vulnerable population. Complementary measures, such as lockdown of the safety zone when a first case is detected in the camp, further reduce mortality and the probability of an outbreak. Our model predicts that a combination of all simulated interventions may reduce mortality by as much as 80%. The time until the number of symptomatic cases peaks is delayed by most of the interventions, in some cases by more than three months. The proportion of the population that recovers, near 70%, could help prevent future outbreaks. Our results highlight the potential of non-medical interventions to mitigate the effects of the pandemic. They demonstrate that interventions shown to be effective in other settings can be adapted to refugee camps and are most effective when implemented in tandem. Our modelization considers complementary measures to these interventions that can be implemented autonomously by these communities, such as buffer zones, daily health-checks, and carers for isolated individuals, quantifying their impact on the micro-dynamics of disease transmission. Similar measures may be applicable to controlling COVID-19 in other informal settlements, particularly Internally Displaced Persons camps in conflict regions, around the world.

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