scholarly journals POLITYZACJA/MITOLOGIZACJA HISTORII, CZYLI W CZYM NEURONAUKA (I METODOLOGIA) MOŻE POMÓC BADACZOWI HISTORII NAJNOWSZEJ?

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 15-42
Author(s):  
Jan POMORSKI
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Historical Thinking ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
The Past ◽  
20Th Century History ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Truth ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
The Mind

The narratives created by historians with respect to events of the past serve not only the cognitive aims, but may also be used in the current discourse of power and as such be referred to as ‘historical politics’. In such cases the spotlight is no longer on the historical truth, but rather on the ability to legitimize the power exercised by one social group or political party over the rest of the society. The reason why one reaches for historical myth and politicizes historical narrative is that the emotions evoked in the process can access the mind of a common creator of history (homo historicus) much easier compared to historians’ refi ned analysis based on credible sources and proper methodology. From the perspective of historical politics, a historian – being a rational entity aware of its past (homo metahistoricus) – becomes something redundant, an obstacle that has to be silenced, suppressed or removed. All that matt ers is homo historicus, as it is the ballot in his or hers hand that will eventually determine winners and losers on election day. As is known, history writt en by the victors diff ers substantially from the one writt en by the defeated. Having diagnosed this way the situation relating to every historian aware of social responsibility of the results of historical studies, the author underlines that historical narrative may be applied to building both positive and negative social capital. Th e myth and politicization of history act toward dividing a community, rather than uniting it. Th ere is no way to create an eff ectively operating community without referring to past experiences, although when describing those experiences, it is very easy to fall into various traps of historical thinking. For this reason, neuroscience and methodology are of such a great importance to the historian of the 20th Century History.

scholarly journals Las narrativas nacionales en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la historia: Una revisión sobre los libros de texto y las narrativas de los estudiantes

Panta Rei ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-166
Author(s):  
César López Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Historical Thinking ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
National Narratives ◽  
The Past ◽  
Revisión Sistemática ◽  
20Th Century History ◽  
The One ◽  
Siglo Xx

Tradicionalmente, las narrativas nacionales han jugado un papel central en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la historia. Sin embargo, desde finales del siglo XX, existe un énfasis en señalar lo inadecuado de estas narrativas para el desarrollo del pensamiento histórico. Este artículo, mediante una revisión sistemática, analiza la evolución del papel de las narrativas nacionales en los últimos 25 años. Para ello, se analiza por un lado el papel de las narrativas nacionales en los manuales de historia. Por otro lado, se recogen los principales avances producidos en cómo los estudiantes narran la historia de su nación. Las investigaciones muestran una pervivencia de estas narrativas nacionales en la transmisión y comprensión del pasado, si bien continúan surgiendo proyectos relevantes para desnacionalizar la enseñanza del pasado. Finalmente, se discuten algunos de los retos futuros que se plantean para este tipo de investigaciones. Traditionally, national narratives have played a central role in the teaching and learning of history. However, since the end of the 20th century, history educators have pointed out how these narratives can hinder the development of historical thinking. Through a systematic literature review, this article analyses the role of national narratives as it has evolved in the last 25 years. On the one hand, studies focused on the role of national narratives in history textbooks are analysed. On the other hand, the article reflects on the advances in research on how the students narrate the past of their nation. In general, research shows the relevance of these national narratives in the way the past is produced and consumed. Nevertheless, new projects continue to emerge which propose to denationalize the past. Finally, some of the new challenges for this line of research are discussed.

Al-Rasm al-ʿUthmānī: Towards Correct Pronunciation and the Preclusion of Ambiguity

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-171
Author(s):  
Nāṣir Al-Dīn Abū Khaḍīr
Keyword(s):  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Correct Pronunciation ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind

The ʿUthmānic way of writing (al-rasm al-ʿUthmānī) is a science that specialises in the writing of Qur'anic words in accordance with a specific ‘pattern’. It follows the writing style of the Companions at the time of the third caliph, ʿUthmān b. ʿAffān, and was attributed to ʿUthmān on the basis that he was the one who ordered the collection and copying of the Qur'an into the actual muṣḥaf. This article aims to expound on the two fundamental functions of al-rasm al-ʿUthmānī: that of paying regard to the ‘correct’ pronunciation of the words in the muṣḥaf, and the pursuit of the preclusion of ambiguity which may arise in the mind of the reader and his auditor. There is a further practical aim for this study: to show the connection between modern orthography and the ʿUthmānic rasm in order that we, nowadays, are thereby able to overcome the problems faced by calligraphers and writers of the past in their different ages and cultures.

scholarly journals La genesi del nuovo nella storia della chirurgia tra desiderio di conoscenza e conflitti etici

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Giardina ◽  
Antonio G. Spagnolo
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of Surgery ◽  
The Past ◽  
Salient Points ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Ideological Resistance

L’articolo delinea i momenti salienti nella storia della chirurgia, quali la scoperta dell’anestesia, dell’asepsi e antisepsi che ne hanno consentito l’ascesa dopo secoli di oscurità. Il desiderio di conoscenza appagato da tali scoperte si è spesso accompagnato a dilemmi etici da un lato e a resistenze ideologiche, da parte della comunità scientifica (spesso ostile alla genesi del nuovo nella medicina) dall’altro. È questo uno dei più forti ostacoli che i grandi del passato, coloro che hanno avuto il coraggio di andare controcorrente (rompendo i paradigmi esistenti), hanno dovuto superare. Questi uomini rappresentano uno stimolo per ricondurre il sapere scientifico ad un confronto attivo con l’etica al fine di sanare una dicotomia che ha radici antiche. L’antico, dunque, non è semplicemente passato ma rivive attraverso la narrazione storica di vite esemplari di medici. ---------- This article traces salient points in the history of surgery, such as the discovery of anesthesia, asepsis and antisepsis, which permitted surgery’s ascendancy after centuries of unimportance. Encouraged by such breakthroughs, the yearning to learn was often accompanied by ethical dilemmas on the one hand and on the other by ideological resistance on the part of the scientific community, which was often hostile to new medical findings. This was one of the greatest obstacles of the past for the distinguished individuals who had the courage to go against the tide, to break with existing paradigms, to overcome opposition to innovation. These men functioned as a stimulus to bring scientific knowledge head to head with ethics with the goal of healing ancient irreconcilable differences. The past is not simply the past; it lives on through the historical narrative of exemplary lives of certain physicians.

scholarly journals MONUMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF HISTORICAL MEMORY

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
I.A. Apollonov ◽  
◽  
A.A. Khlevov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
The Past ◽  
The People ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
Historical Truth

The article examines the problem of the relationship between historical monuments and historical memory. The purpose of the article: to consider the hermeneutical significance of monuments. In this context, the sculptural image is considered as a special way of understanding the past and interpreting history. This approach involves the use of hermeneutical methodology in the study of historical monuments, in which monuments appear to be the assertion of certain values and ideas. The ideas expressed in the monuments connect the past with the present and the future, are the embodiment of the identification symbols of the people and the state. The ideological component of the semantics of historical monuments is investigated. It is shown that the monuments are used to establish a certain political project of power, which is justified by the construction of the corresponding historical narrative. At the same time, monuments appear as sacred symbols of historical memory in its essential aspect, as a fateful connection between the past and the present. The dialogical nature of historical memory is considered. It is proved that the main condition for such dialogicality is the apophatic horizon of historical truth, which allows us to see the unity and integrity of the historical process in the diversity of past events. The penetration into the apophatic horizon of the truth about the past determines the hermeneutic potential of the historical monument as a means of understanding and conceptualizing the memory of the past. The author considers the semantic levels of a historical monument: the external level, which addresses the facticity of a historical person or event, and the artistic content of the monument, which reveals the significance of this facticity. The semantics of the first level is determined by the ideologeme associated with the policy of memorization. The intrinsic value of this level leads to simplification, schematization of the image, turning the monument into a simple memorative sign. The second level involves the expression of the ideological content of history in the monument. Such a level of understanding is based on the personal characteristics of the hero to his specific historical significance and universal universal meanings. Thus, a hermeneutic circle is formed, in which the visual concreteness of the image combines the facticity of a historical person or event and the ideological content of this facticity.

The Guerrilla Legacy of the Cuban Revolution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Clayfield
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
Cuban Revolution ◽  
Armed Struggle ◽  
Official Discourse ◽  
The Past ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Beliefs And Values ◽  
The One ◽  
Che Guevara

The Guerrilla Legacy of the Cuban Revolution examines the way in which the guerrilla origins of the Cuban Revolution have shaped the beliefs and values that have underpinned it since 1959. It argues that these beliefs and values comprise a political culture in which the figure of the guerrillero (guerrilla fighter) is revered and the past struggles are presented in the revolutionary historical narrative as both unfinished and guerrilla in their nature. Drawing on extensive analysis of official discourse across six decades, the book outlines a consistent, conscious promotion of a guerrilla ethos throughout the Revolution’s trajectory. On the one hand, it demonstrates how this promotion has contributed to garnering legitimacy for the decades-long political authority of former guerrilleros, even long after the end of the armed struggle that brought them to power. On the other hand, it reveals how, as part of the Revolution’s many mobilization drives since 1959, Cuban citizens have been encouraged to emulate the attributes embodied by guerrilleros heroicos such as Che Guevara and Antonio Maceo. Ultimately, the book proposes that it is this guerrilla discourse that holds the key to understanding not only the survival of the Revolution but also the longevity of its leadership.

scholarly journals Rural development: how to measure performance imbalances in agribusiness chains

2012 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Adrienn Molnár ◽  
Xavier Gellynck
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Food Sector ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Good Reputation ◽  
Space Boundary ◽  
The One ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
Past Experiences

The aim of this article was to contribute to the understanding of the role of intermediary organizations, and especially of network administrative organizations (NAOs) in the development of social capital in interorganizational networks in the food sector in particular. Our study shows that there are many options available to NAOs to build social capital within the networks they are responsible for; options which we propose to categorize in three main distinct groups. First, NAOs may nurture the development of social capital within the network through creating ‘space’ boundary objects which appear, in our study, to be an absolute precondition for the development of interactions and hence creation of ties between network members. Second, NAOs may impact the development of social capital by favoring certain members – or set of members – over others due to their characteristics such as good reputation, possession of common past experiences, multidisciplinary experiences, non-conflicting goals, similarity in terms of sector of activity and/or experience level and common mindset towards information exchange. Third and finally, NAOs may foster social capital development by enhancing effective communication between members on the one hand, and between members and the NAOs’ coordination and decision bodies on the other hand, via a clear mandate, network decision making bodies composed of members, the use of ex-post evaluations and formal governance mechanisms (e.g. legal contracts), and the selection of staff endowed with a proactive and perspective taking behavior and able to show neutrality when conflict arise.

Unbinding from Humanity: Nandipha Mntambo’s Europa and the Limits of History and Identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-336
Author(s):  
Ewa Domańska
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
South African ◽  
Art Criticism ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Historical Thinking ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Visual Culture Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One

Abstract This article shows that the question of “Historical Thinking and the Human” demands expanding the field of the philosophy of history. What I propose is to investigate the issue from two perspectives: firstly, by positioning it in the broader philosophical context, one that increasingly transcends the boundaries of the humanities to enter the realm of the life sciences; and secondly, by drawing on a wider range of analytical material than has usually been the case in classic works in the philosophy of history. I will critically reflect upon history’s anthropocentric biases, highlighting the need to develop an alternative to history. My thinking is aligned, on the one hand, with notions of the agency of images that have emerged from art criticism and visual culture studies (W.J.T. Mitchell), and, on the other hand, with the idea of theriomorphism, which I explore in terms of new animism, new totemism and philosophical ethology (Roberto Marchesini). In my analysis of works by the South African artist Nandipha Mntambo (cowhides and Europa), I argue that a future-oriented redefinition of the human should transcend the limited categories that have emerged within the framework of history understood as a Eurocentric approach to the past rooted in Greco-Judaic-Christian tradition.

scholarly journals “Back to Normal” vs. “New Normal”: the Post-Pandemic Recovery of Italian Tourism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Bellini
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Capabilities ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Normal ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Conceptual Nature

Based on one year of intensive interaction with and feedback from practitioners, this paper provides a twofold contribution of a conceptual nature. On the one hand, it attempts to clarify the nature of the crisis in comparison with the past experiences. On the other hand, with reference to the literature on dynamic capabilities, it outlines, in an ideal-typical way, two diverging and co-existing (and therefore conflicting) perspectives of the recovery process that are summarized in – respectively – the “back to normal” and the “new normal” discourses.

Historiography of Foreign Policy Analysis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Fahrmeir
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Narrative ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
The One ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Recurrent Patterns

Narratives of interesting, remarkable, or exemplary diplomatic and military events have traditionally occupied a prominent place in historiography. Addressed to actors shaping foreign policy, educated elites, or a more broadly conceived public, and varying widely in geographical and chronological coverage, histories of foreign policy pursue two goals. One is to provide comprehensive information, allowing readers to obtain an overview of past decisions and actions in the expectation that this will enhance the understanding of their short-, medium-, and long-term consequences. The second goal is to offer an analysis of factors determining foreign policy and its success or failure either generally or in more specific settings. In doing so, they offer orientation or concrete advice based on an authority acquired by profound knowledge of the past and the recognition of recurrent patterns (or “laws”). The fact that these goals are not entirely compatible contributes to problems that accompany this intellectual pursuit, and which are distinct from empirical and conceptual difficulties involved in reconstructing past foreign policy. Any presentation of historical developments contains (debatable) hypotheses on causal relationships, even if they are only expressed via the selection of facts and the literary structure of a historical narrative. There are various interpretations of any major turning point, and it is never easy to choose between them. Furthermore, the identification of patterns in the past has rarely resulted in the accurate prediction of future events; in fact, misconceived historical analogies or trust in supposed perennial rules governing foreign policy can contribute to exacerbating political crises. This problem has created an enduring and perhaps increasing divide between a persistent demand for large-scale interpretations of the history of foreign policy (or the interaction of “great powers”), which make their contemporary relevance explicit on the one hand, and skepticism from parts of the historical discipline toward any form of applied foreign policy history on the other. In particular, it is called into question whether contemporary “states” can be identified with their predecessors—which is a precondition for identifying longer-term “national interests”; whether the focus on a limited number of determinants of foreign policy permits the formulation of general insights valid across time and space; and whether foreign policy can be said to exist in premodern settings at all. Though there are approaches that can reduce such problems, many practical difficulties are likely to remain.

The critic and the visionary

1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-312
Author(s):  
F. Young
Keyword(s):  
Ivory Tower ◽  
Present Climate ◽  
Good Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inaugural Lecture ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Way

The first Edward Cadbury Professor of Theology was H. G. Wood. The subject of his Inaugural Lecture given in 1940 was The function of a Department of Theology in a modern University. Appropriately enough he took up the views of John Henry, Cardinal Newman, the one Birmingham theologian whose work is on the way to becoming classic. In the present climate, Newman's book The Idea of a University is worth looking at again. As he showed over a hundred years ago, purely utilitarian values cannot produce good education. Nor can a general acquaintance with a bit of everything. Specialisation and in-depth study is the only way to learn how to think rather than pick up information jackdaw-like. Scholarly grappling with the great minds of the past, the so-called ‘irrelevant’ and ‘ivory-tower’ occupation of those who inhabit an Arts Faculty, is essential for the formation of minds. ‘To open the mind, to correct it, to refine it, to enable it to know, and to digest, master, rule, and use its knowledge, to give it power over its own faculties, application, flexibility, method, critical exactness, sagacity, resource, address, eloquent expression’ – this Newman regarded as ‘an object as intelligible as the cultivation of virtue’.1 Society needs minds and not just technicians, and in an institution which is concerned with truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, theology is indispensable to the universality which a University should embrace.

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