scholarly journals Le rôle des corvées dans le système des redevances acquittées par les habitants des villages de ius Valachicum en Petite-Pologne et en Ruthénie de la Couronne aux XVe et XVIe siècles

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 249-267
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Jawor
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Widespread Implementation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Set Up

The Role of Serfdoms in the Obligation System of the Inhabitants of Villages on the Wallachian Law in Lesser Poland (Małopolska) and Crown Ruthenia (15th-16th century). The aim of the article is an attempt to define a role of serfdoms in the system of obligations provided by the population living in the settlements established on the Wallachian law. On the basis of a critical analysis of a relatively numerous sources preserved from the region in question (in particular, the documents associated with the rights given to individual villages, inventories, and royal domain), an attempt was made to verify the common belief in the scholarship on this topic about the lack of, or at least the minimum, share of the serfdoms for the owners in the obligation system of the inhabitants. As a result, a specific feature of the Wallachian law was indicated, which was the obligation – elsewhere unknown or occurring only in minute traces – of performing small errands a few times in a year for the benefit of the dukes (kniaź). It was recorded throughout the entire studied period and in all of the areas partaking in the Wallachian colonisation. In contrast, there are many more doubts regarding the conviction about a complete lack of serfdoms for the owners of villages. The presented source material indicates that there were indeed settlements to which this duty did not apply (and perhaps this situation was even dominating), but in other places the older and usually less strenuous forms of labours were present (annual works, duties “under the order”, ect.), while the attempts to impose weekly serfdoms date back to the 1530s and 1540s. Its widespread implementation in the areas outside of mountains is strictly linked to the development of a grange, set up for the production of grain. For the Wallachian settlements this meant a limitation, and then a thorough disposal of their privileged legal status. It is not a matter of coincidence that this colonising tendency was clearly restrained at the turn of the 16th and 17th century. This fate was avoided only be the villages situated in a typically mountainous area where the natural conditions prevented the production of crops on a large scale. Populations living therein – that were ruled by the Wallachian law – lasted longer and the processes of assimilation and integration with the local surroundings took place more slowly.

The Common Bond

2015 ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Anne Eyre ◽  
Pam Dix
Keyword(s):  
Support Groups ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Common Bond ◽  
Action Group ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Common ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Uk

This chapter discusses how those affected by a disaster often form an extraordinary common bond. Self-help support and action group members say that only with others from 'their' disaster can they open up completely, without fear of judgement, about the most difficult aspects of their experience. The examples in this chapter illustrate the kinds of support groups that grew out of those disasters of the 1980s, including the King's Cross Families Action Group, the Herald Families Association, the UK Families Flight 103, the Marchioness Action Group, the Stairway to Heaven Memorial Trust, and the MV Derbyshire Families Association. There are a number of different options for the structure of family and survivor groups in terms of membership, legal status, and management. Some groups have set up unincorporated associations, while a few have chosen to apply for charitable status. Ultimately, representatives from the groups of the 1980s, as well as individual survivors and bereaved people, went on to form, join, and develop Disaster Action.

Selling the role of salvage: Cell salvage past and present

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 336-339
Author(s):  
Lucy Godfrey
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Salvage ◽  
Autologous Transfusion ◽  
Allogenic Transfusion ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Meta Analyses

The use of transfused blood, be it from an allogenic (donor) or autologous (same patient) source, is not a new treatment and in fact has been experimented with since the mid 1800s. The role of cell salvage and re-infusion of a patient’s own blood, however, has only begun to gain real popularity in the last 20 years, after the undertaking of several large scale meta-analyses which have shown that not only is autologous transfusion no less efficacious when compared to allogenic transfusion, but also potentially safer for a number of reasons. Autologous transfusion is also more cost effective overall and potentially quicker to initiate in an emergency situation. Despite the body of evidence to support the use of salvaged blood for transfusion, hesitation around its use still persists, with staff apprehension around set up of cell salvage equipment and general underestimation of intraoperative blood loss being key factors in its underuse.

Lineage, Food and Ritual in a Chinese Metropolis

Anthropos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man Guo ◽  
Carsten Herrmann-Pillath
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Public Role ◽  
The Common

Thirty years ago, the eminent sinologist James Watson published a paper in Anthropos on ‘common pot’ dining in the New Territories of Hong Kong, a banquet ritual that differs fundamentally from established social norms in Chinese society. We explore the recent career of the ‘common pot’ in neighbouring Shenzhen, where it has become an important symbol manifesting the strength and public role of local lineages in the rapidly growing mega-city. We present two cases, the Wen lineage and the Huang lineage. In case of the Wen, we show how the practice relates to their role as landholding groups, organized in a ‘Shareholding Cooperative Companies’ that is owned collectively by the lineage. In the Huang case, identity politics looms large in the context of globalization. In large-scale ‘big common pot festivals’ of the global Huang surname association, traditional conceptions of kinship merge with modernist conceptions of national identity.

Slow subduction initiation forces fast ophiolite formation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Soret ◽  
Guillaume Bonnet ◽  
Philippe Agard ◽  
Kyle Larson ◽  
John Cottle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Deformation Pattern ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Plate Interface ◽  
Subduction Initiation ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
The Common

<p>Metamorphic soles are m to ~500 m thick tectonic slices welded beneath most large- scale ophiolites (usually ~20 km thick). They typically show a steep inverted metamorphic structure where the pressure and temperature (T) conditions of crystallization increase upward, from the base of the sole (500 ± 100°C at 0.5 ± 0.2 GPa) to the contact with the overlying peridotite (800 ± 100°C at 1.0 ± 0.2 GPa). The inverted  T gradient was historically interpreted as a result of heat transfer from the incipient mantle wedge toward the nascent slab synchronously with the overlying ophiolite formation (within only 1-2 Myrs). Their mineralogical assemblage and deformation pattern provide major constraints on the nature and the timing of the processes controlling the dynamics of the plate interface during early subduction.</p><p>Soret et al. (2017, 2019) recently reappraised the tectonic–petrological model for the formation of metamorphic soles below ophiolites, showing that the present-day structure of the sole results from the successive stacking of several homogeneous oceanic crustal slivers (without internal T gradient). This stacking marks the evolution of rheological properties of slab material and peridotites of the upper plate as the plate interface progressively cools (Agard et al., 2016). These findings outline the thermal and mechanical complexity of early subduction dynamics, and highlight the need for refined numerical modelling studies.</p><p>Lu-Hf geochronology on garnet from the Oman metamorphic sole has recently shown that the earliest accreted subunit, found directly against the upper plate mantle, was initially buried ≥ 8 Ma earlier than previously estimated (Guilmette et al., 2017). These results imply initiation ≥ 8 Ma before the formation of the ophiolite, which underscores the common belief that ophiolite-sole couples record spontaneous subduction initiation and rather indicates far-field forcing long before upper plate extension and mantle upwelling.</p><p>We herein present new U-Pb titanite and monazite petrochronology across the different sub-units of the Oman metamorphic sole. Our results confirm the time lag of several million years between subduction initiation and the ophiolite formation, therefore supporting the recently proposed model of far-field forced subduction initiation. They also reveal a significant time lag between the underplating and exhumation of each sub-unit of the sole.</p>

What Does že jo (and že ne) Mean in Spoken Dialogue

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzana Komrsková
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Spoken Dialogue

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to examine the role of two collocations (že joandže ne) in spoken dialogue. Both are said to be typical of spontaneous conversation and express a large scale of pragmatic functions, e.g. uncertainty of the speaker or a request for a backchannel. The examination of their positioning within the utterance in relation to the meaning of their close context helped us to identify the functions and to distinguish between cases which are simple co-occurrences of the conjunctionžeand the particlejo/ne, and those which are instances of the set phrase. The source material comes from the ORAL2013 and DIALOG corpora.

Leadership Accountability in Islam: Islamic Standards for Holding the Executive Accountable for Official Misconduct

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-211
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abdelaal
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Political Accountability ◽  
Leadership Accountability ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence

This paper seeks to refute a common belief that the ruler in Islam is unchecked and that he serves for life regardless of any official misconduct he may commit by providing a religious basis for the concept of political accountability through the investigation of the concept of presidential impeachment in Islam. In doing so, the article first sheds significant light on the Caliphate system of governance, the rights and duties of the Caliph, his legal status, and the inauguration process. Further, the article introduces the conflicting views regarding the issue of removing the ruler in the context of Islamic jurisprudence, examines the role of the Islamic scholars in redressing the ruler and correcting the official misconduct, and sheds light on the Islamic alternatives of impeachment and the extent to which they differ from what is known in modern constitutional doctrines.

Separation of Powers, Treaty-Making, and Treaty Withdrawal

2019 ◽  
pp. 134-155
Author(s):  
Pierre-Hugues Verdier ◽  
Mila Versteeg
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Constitutional Review ◽  
Alternative Procedures ◽  
Domestic Law

This chapter examines from a comparative perspective the national legal regimes that govern treaty-making and treaty withdrawal, functions that in many countries were traditionally vested in the executive. Drawing from an original data set that covers 101 countries for the period 1815–2013, the chapter identifies several large-scale trends. First, it confirms a sustained trend toward greater parliamentary involvement in treaty-making. Second, it shows that many countries recognize executive agreements and other alternative procedures through which the executive can conclude internationally binding agreements without parliamentary approval, but that these “workarounds” are typically subject to significant constraints affecting the executive’s discretion and the domestic legal status of the resulting agreements. Third, it shows that in recent years several countries have introduced constraints on the executive’s ability to withdraw from treaties without parliamentary approval. Finally, it draws attention to the little-noticed role of national judiciaries in treaty-making, by showing that in many legal systems treaties are subject to constitutional review prior to ratification. The chapter discusses the implications of these four trends, all of which represent moves away from the executive-dominated world of traditional treaty relations. It hypothesizes that these trends respond to growing separation of powers concerns as treaties increasingly shape domestic law.

scholarly journals OBLIQUE MAGNETIC FIELDS AND THE ROLE OF FRAME DRAGGING NEAR ROTATING BLACK HOLE

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 398-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Karas ◽  
Ondřej Kopáček ◽  
Devaky Kunneriath
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Frame Dragging ◽  
Rotating Black Hole ◽  
Large Scale Magnetic Field ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Magnetic Null ◽  
Future Work

<p>Magnetic null points can <span style="font-size: 10px;">develop near the ergosphere boundary of a rotating black hole by the combined effects of strong gravitational field and the frame-dragging mechanism. The induced electric component does not vanish in the magnetic null and an efficient process of particle acceleration can occur in its immediate vicinity. Furthermore, the effect of imposed (weak) magnetic field can trigger an onset of chaos in the motion of electrically charged particles. The model set-up appears to be relevant for low-accretion-rate nuclei of some galaxies which exhibit episodic accretion events (such as the Milky Way's supermassive black hole) embedded in a large-scale magnetic field of external origin with respect to the central black hole. In this contribution we summarise recent results and we give an outlook for future work with the focus on the role of gravito-magnetic effects caused by rotation of the black hole.</span></p>

scholarly journals Integration Versus Fragmentation, the Role of Minor Rural Networks in Rural Cultural Landscapes. A Study-Case in Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4765
Author(s):  
Julio Plaza Tabasco ◽  
Héctor S. Martínez Sánchez-Mateos
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
Ciudad Real ◽  
Data Source ◽  
The Common ◽  
Landscape Units

This work deals with the dichotomy between integration and fragmentation caused by artificial elements in the cultural landscapes, especially minor rural roads. In Europe, the rural matrix dominates the configuration of landscapes, and the agents of fragmentation can be analysed from different perspectives. For this purpose, the Land Parcel Information System, designed for the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) is used as a data source to feed the indicators, allowing a high detail analysis, down to the parcel unit. It is applied to a case-study in Spain: the province of Ciudad Real. Here we find different landscape units with different rural and agrarian profiles to test the hypothesis. We use three indicators that allow us to explore the configuration of different cultural landscapes under the fragmentation perspective, using minor rural roads and other elements of the rural matrix that can only be observed at large scale. Then we calculate a composite indicator summarizing the fragmentation results of each unit. Results reveal a significative variability of fragmentation results regarding the land use and spatial patterns of the different cultural landscapes dominated by agrarian and rural factors, with a strong correspondence with the minor rural network underneath. Therefore, fragmentation can be interpreted as a dual process in cultural landscapes where the different land uses have different relations with the infrastructure network.

scholarly journals Kształtowanie się koncepcji związku metropolitalnego w Polsce po 1990 roku

2018 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 351-369
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Ofiarska
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The Common

THE SHAPING OF THE CONCEPT OF METROPOLITAN ASSOCIATIONS IN POLAND AFTER 1990The local self-government system in Poland has been evolving since its restitution in 1990. One of the major problems discussed in recent years is the issue of the system of metropolitan areas, metropolises and agglomerations what was before referred to as large cities. The issue is complex, which is refl ected in, i.a., attempts to develop systemic solutions regarding large cities and hinterlands. The aim of the paper is to analyze draft laws put forth by various entities relating to this very issue, including their underlying assumptions. The draft laws and assumptions presented in the paper were developed mostly in response to the reality of the collaboration of large urban centers and adjacent municipalities demonstrating clearly that the solutions based on the institution of voluntary municipal unions do not yield the desired effects for large cities and metropolitan areas. In spite of the common belief that some legislative solutions regarding the system of government regulating the legal status of metropolitan areas must be adopted in Poland, the first Act on metropolitan areas was passed only in 2015, and even a single municipal association has not been established on its grounds.

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