scholarly journals Historia autyzmu od baśni i legend po badania genetyczne – laboratorium budowy mitów w nauce

2017 ◽  
pp. 93-120
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Osóbka
Keyword(s):  
High Functioning Autism ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Scientific Language ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Voice

Autism is one of the most mysterious human disorders ever known. Although existing since the dawn of humanity, it was only in 1943 that science took up this subject. Before, undiscovered and unnamed, it was considered merely a legend, and the only existing records were those of a few pioneer case studies. With his discoveries, Leo Kanner, the first person to properly define autism, marked the beginning of a struggle to describe the disorder using scientific language. Unfortunately, the attempts were not always successful. Autism, as described by contemporary science, is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Theories claiming its psychogenic aetiology can no longer be sustained. The history of research concerning autism points to a phenomenon known as collective thinking – a term coined by Ludwik Fleck, as well as to the process of the emergence of a scientific myth. It is a study of how researchers’ presuppositions can shape social beliefs, and at the same time how constructing scientific theories is inherently ingrained in the cognitive style of an era. The second half of the 20th century marks the beginning of a gradual change in the classification of autism. The perception of the nature of this disorder shifted from psychogenic theories to organic aetiologies. It is the voice of the enormously talented and creative individuals with high-functioning autism that triggered a breakthrough in the research - a voice that was ignored until the 1980s.

scholarly journals Historia autyzmu: od baśni i legend po badania genetyczne – laboratorium budowy mitów w nauce

2020 ◽  
pp. 339-367
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Osóbka
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tales ◽  
High Functioning Autism ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
History Of

Osóbka Krzysztof, Historia autyzmu: od baśni i legend po badania genetyczne – laboratorium budowy mitów w nauce [History of Autism: from Fairy Tales and Legends Through Genetic Research – a Laboratory of Building Scientific Myths]. Studia Edukacyjne nr 56, 2020, Poznań 2020, pp. 339-367. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 1233-6688. DOI: 10.14746/se.2020.56.19Autism is one of the most mysterious human disorders ever known. Although existent from the dawn of humanity, it was only in 1943 that science took up this subject. Before, undiscovered and unnamed, it was considered merely a legend, and the only existing records were those of few pioneer case studies. The discoveries of Leo Kanner, the first person to properly define autism, marked the onset of a struggle to describe the disorder using scientific jargon. Unfortunately, the trials were not always successful. Autism, as described by contemporary science, is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Theories claiming its psychogenic etiology can no longer be sustained. The history of research concerning autism points to a phenomenon known as collective thinking, a term coined by Ludwik Fleck, as well as to the process of the emergence of a scientific myth. It is a study of how researchers’ presuppositions can shape social beliefs and at the same time how constructing scientific theories is inherently ingrained in the cognitive style of an era. The second half of the 20th century marks the beginning of a gradual change in the classification of autism. The perception of the nature of this disorder shifted from psychogenic theories to organic etiologies. It was the voice of the enormously talented and creative individuals with high-functioning autism, a voice rejected until the 1980s, that triggered a breakthrough in relevant research.

Perfektives und Imperfektives Partizip

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 27-79
Author(s):  
Marc Brose
Keyword(s):  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Semantic

“Perfective and Imperfective Participle”: This article deals with the basic semantic opposition of the two types of Egyptian participles, jri̯ and jrr. After an extended overview of the history of research presenting the classical approaches of K. Sethe and A. H. Gardiner, who both used established terms of models of tense and aspect, and also the advanced approaches of W. Schenkel, J. P. Allen, K. Jansen-Winkeln and E. Oreál, who introduced new concepts and terminolgy and so tried to overcome the classical approaches, it is nevertheless shown that the classification of the opposition as “perfective–imperfective”, with modernized definitions in contrast to Gardiner’s, suffices to explain the entire functional range of the two types and that the advanced approaches are not necessary.

IZAPAN WRITING: CLASSIFICATION AND PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Mora-Marín
Keyword(s):  
Historical Linguistic ◽  
Sufficient Data ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diagnostic Traits

AbstractThis paper reviews the limited evidence for the classification of the script attested at the site of Izapa. Sufficient data for assessing the nature of key formal traits exists, thanks to the more recent documentation of the sculptural corpus (Clark and Moreno 2007). After a review of the archaeological and historical linguistic context, the paper examines the history of research on the classification of the writing systems of Mesoamerica (Justeson 1986; Justeson and Mathews 1990; Justeson et al. 1985; Prem 1973), focusing on the Southeastern Tradition. Three diagnostic traits allow for a narrow assignation of Izapa's script, perhaps unsurprisingly, to the Greater Izapan or Maya-Izapa sub-tradition (Justeson and Mathews 1990; Justeson et al. 1985) of the Southeastern Tradition: the superfixed placement of the bar-and-dot numeral with respect to the day sign cartouche, positional notation for counting, and the use of day sign pedestals. Other traits include the conflation and embedding of signs. The paper concludes that the evidence is, at present, insufficient to distinguish between the two likely options, Mixe-Zoquean and Mayan. Finally, a preliminary signary is provided in the Appendix.

scholarly journals The history of research of the ophthalmic aspects of hypertension

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Krasińska ◽  
Agata Brązert ◽  
Jarosław Kocięcki
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Hypertensive Retinopathy ◽  
Cotton Wool Spots ◽  
Microvascular Changes ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Funduscopic Examination ◽  
Retinal Exudates

Abstract The awareness of the widespread influence of hypertension on various organ systems is ever increasing. Changes associated with this disease can be observed in the heart, brain, kidneys, but also the organ of vision. These usual microvascular changes are defined as hypertensive retinopathy. During a funduscopic examination, abnormalities such as narrowing of arterioles, symptoms of arteriole and vein intersection, cotton wool spots, intra-retinal exudates, retinal haemorrhages, and in severe cases even swelling of the optic disc and macula. This review presents an overview of the changes at the fundus of the eye that may occur in patients with hypertension, as well as problems with the classification of hypertensive retinopathy over the years, and the development of diagnostic methods in ophthalmology and fundoscopic imaging. Running title: The history of hypertensive retinopathy research

Apocalypse Narrative, Chaotic System: Gilbert White’s Natural History of Selborne and Modern Ecology

2011 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Heidi Scott
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Non Fiction ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
New Findings ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Vision ◽  
Century Science ◽  
Ecological Methodology

The catastrophic worldview, which has been formalized into various scientific theories (punctuated equilibrium, chaos, tipping points), covets disaster as its aesthetic, with entropy and negentropy as vying principles. At the close of the eighteenth century, science centered around the new findings of Geology, and scientists like Cuvier, Lamarck, and Buffon debated the predominance of gradual change through time versus sudden, widespread calamities or ‘punctuations.’ This essay investigates Gilbert White’s Natural History of Selborne (1789), a non-fiction, late eighteenth century natural history chronicle of a single parish through decades of close environmental observation. Its epistolary form conveys an aesthetic of discrete, close readings of nature through time, and the chronicle breaks off with the catastrophic effects of the Laki volcanic eruption of 1783. I suggest ways in which White’s famous work is unusually precocious in ecological methodology, a particularly fruitful angle because my reading goes against the perennial critical reception of Selborne as a tome of Enlightenment balance and economy. Instead, I argue that White’s work is a distinctly modern vision of catastrophic change in nature that foregrounds the contemporary science of Chaos Ecology.

History of Research in Mammalian Sexual Behavior

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 545-546
Author(s):  
Rae Silver
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of

To Understand the Informal (on the Book BY V. L. Tambovtsev “Economics of Informal Institutions”)

2015 ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
A. Zaostrovtsev
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Classification

The review considers the first attempt in the history of Russian economic thought to give a detailed analysis of informal institutions (IF). It recognizes that in general it was successful: the reader gets acquainted with the original classification of institutions (including informal ones) and their genesis. According to the reviewer the best achievement of the author is his interdisciplinary approach to the study of problems and, moreover, his bias on the achievements of social psychology because the model of human behavior in the economic mainstream is rather primitive. The book makes evident that namely this model limits the ability of economists to analyze IF. The reviewer also shares the author’s position that in the analysis of the IF genesis the economists should highlight the uncertainty and reject economic determinism. Further discussion of IF is hardly possible without referring to this book.

Riemann–Weyl in Deleuze's Bergsonism and the Constitution of the Contemporary Physico-Mathematical Space

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Calamari
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Gauge Field ◽  
Fibre Bundle ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Gauge Field Theory ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Explicit Mention ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Bernhard Riemann

In recent years, the ideas of the mathematician Bernhard Riemann (1826–66) have come to the fore as one of Deleuze's principal sources of inspiration in regard to his engagements with mathematics, and the history of mathematics. Nevertheless, some relevant aspects and implications of Deleuze's philosophical reception and appropriation of Riemann's thought remain unexplored. In the first part of the paper I will begin by reconsidering the first explicit mention of Riemann in Deleuze's work, namely, in the second chapter of Bergsonism (1966). In this context, as I intend to show first, Deleuze's synthesis of some key features of the Riemannian theory of multiplicities (manifolds) is entirely dependent, both textually and conceptually, on his reading of another prominent figure in the history of mathematics: Hermann Weyl (1885–1955). This aspect has been largely underestimated, if not entirely neglected. However, as I attempt to bring out in the second part of the paper, reframing the understanding of Deleuze's philosophical engagement with Riemann's mathematics through the Riemann–Weyl conjunction can allow us to disclose some unexplored aspects of Deleuze's further elaboration of his theory of multiplicities (rhizomatic multiplicities, smooth spaces) and profound confrontation with contemporary science (fibre bundle topology and gauge field theory). This finally permits delineation of a correlation between Deleuze's plane of immanence and the contemporary physico-mathematical space of fundamental interactions.

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