scholarly journals Feasibility and use of psychophysiological responses based on cognitive load theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeonghyun Kim ◽  
Il-Hyun Jo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Psychophysiological Responses ◽  
Knowledge Group ◽  
High Prior Knowledge ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this study was to identify the feasibility of using the pupil dilation and heart rate variability (HRV), to diagnose learners’ changing cognitive load in a video learning setting. The pupil dilation and HRV of 23 participants were recorded during their learning progress, and the learning materials, including differences in task complexity, were presented to the groups of distinct prior knowledge. The results showed that the high prior knowledge group had lower pupil size than the low prior knowledge group, but the difference was not statistically significant. However, the ratio of low frequency to high frequency power (LF/HF ratio) was higher in the high prior knowledge group than in the low prior knowledge group throughout the entire learning process, and the two groups showed different arousal patterns. Overall, learners’ changing cognitive load could be measured and visualised based on psychophysiological responses, the types of cognitive load could be assumed by using the two indices in parallel, and this study raised practical issues to the use of pupil size as an indicator of cognitive load in video learning.

How Revisions to Mathematical Visuals Affect Cognition

2017 ◽  
pp. 195-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Clinton ◽  
Jennifer L. Cooper ◽  
Joseph E. Michaelis ◽  
Martha W. Alibali ◽  
Mitchell J. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Early Algebra ◽  
School Students ◽  
Reversal Effect ◽  
Knowledge Group ◽  
Instructional Design Principles

Mathematics curricula are frequently rich with visuals, but these visuals are often not designed for optimal use of students' limited cognitive resources. The authors of this study revised the visuals in a mathematics lesson based on instructional design principles. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of these revised visuals on students' cognitive load, cognitive processing, learning, and interest. Middle-school students (N = 62) read a lesson on early algebra with original or revised visuals while their eye movements were recorded. Students in the low prior knowledge group had less cognitive load and cognitive processing with the revised lesson than the original lesson. However, the reverse was true for students in the middle prior knowledge group. There were no effects of the revisions on learning. The findings are discussed in the context of the expertise reversal effect as well as the cognitive theory of multimedia learning and cognitive load theory.

How does prior explicit knowledge affect the efficacy of explicit instruction and feedback? The case of the personal a in L2 Spanish

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa Martoccio
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Explicit Instruction ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Grammaticality Judgment ◽  
Personal A ◽  
High Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Group ◽  
High Prior Knowledge ◽  
L2 Spanish

This study examined the effectiveness of explicit instruction and feedback, focusing on degrees of prior knowledge of the personal a in intermediate level second language (L2) Spanish. On the pretest, participants ( n = 58) completed grammaticality judgment and picture description tasks, which found that learners had different degrees of receptive and productive command of the structure but had not mastered it above 90% accuracy. Based on pretest scores, participants were split into two groups: high prior knowledge (some receptive and productive command) and low prior knowledge (some receptive command only). On the posttest, half of each group was given computer-administered explicit instruction and feedback on the personal a followed by the two tasks. The control groups completed only the tasks. Results indicated that both instructed groups improved more than their respective control groups after treatment; however, while six individuals from the uninstructed high knowledge group improved over time on both tasks, no one from the uninstructed low knowledge group improved. Awareness results help to explain this difference, since both high prior knowledge and instruction with feedback were associated with higher levels of awareness. These results reveal a link between prior knowledge, awareness and the usefulness of instruction and feedback.

scholarly journals Modeling Human Pupil Dilation to Decouple the Pupillary Light Reflex

Open Physics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 458-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Napieralski ◽  
Filip Rynkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Pupillary Light Reflex ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Light Reflex ◽  
Pupillary Light ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to present methods to calculate pupil size based on various parameters, such as: luminance, age, corneal flux density or monocular/binocular effect. These models allow to distinguish pupil dilation caused by the influence of light and other factors such as psychological state of participants.The developed methods were presented based on empirical data. Various researchers estimate their equations based on oculographic data obtained in the course of experiments. The presented plots are based on those equations. Different approaches can be compared to show the difference between particular models.The methods presented in this paper enable a more detailed investigation of the influence of various parameters on the pupil. It can be used to better estimate the influence of light on pupil size. The main changes occurring in pupil size, i.e. contractions and dilation, are caused by light. Other criteria such emotional arousal, cognitive processes or even memory operations can also alter the pupil, among which the decoupling of light is important. The presented approach is distinct from other similar studies because it decouples the pupillary light reflex.

scholarly journals Understanding the role of prior knowledge in a multimedia learning application

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riaza Mohd Rias ◽  
Halimah Badioze Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Transfer Test ◽  
Memory Management ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Early Results ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
Knowledge Group ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Prior Knowledge

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p>This study looked at the effects that individual differences in prior knowledge have on student understanding in learning with multimedia in a computer science subject. Students were identified as having either low or high prior knowledge from a series of questions asked in a survey conducted at the Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences at University Technology MARA, Malaysia. The subject domain chosen for this study is a topic taught to undergraduates in the field of Computer Sciences, in the subject of Operating Systems, i.e., Memory Management Concepts. This study utilizes a multimedia application that is shown to a total of 257 students. Early results from the recall and transfer tests indicate that students' individual differences play a vital role in learning outcome. As expected, the low prior knowledge group scored significantly in the recall tests as compared to the transfer test, and the high prior knowledge group performed comparatively better in the transfer test. This suggests that educational designers who wish to foster learning and understanding should incorporate learners' prior knowledge as a design principle.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 29.35pt 10pt 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -31.5pt; tab-stops: 0in;"> </p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span>

scholarly journals Listener’s personality traits predict changes in pupil size during auditory language comprehension

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabell Hubert Lyall ◽  
Juhani Järvikivi
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Personality Profiles ◽  
Pupillary Responses ◽  
Grammatical Errors

AbstractResearch suggests that listeners’ comprehension of spoken language is concurrently affected by linguistic and non-linguistic factors, including individual difference factors. However, there is no systematic research on whether general personality traits affect language processing. We correlated 88 native English-speaking participants’ Big-5 traits with their pupillary responses to spoken sentences that included grammatical errors, "He frequently have burgers for dinner"; semantic anomalies, "Dogs sometimes chase teas"; and statements incongruent with gender stereotyped expectations, such as "I sometimes buy my bras at Hudson's Bay", spoken by a male speaker. Generalized additive mixed models showed that the listener's Openness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism traits modulated resource allocation to the three different types of unexpected stimuli. No personality trait affected changes in pupil size across the board: less open participants showed greater pupil dilation when processing sentences with grammatical errors; and more introverted listeners showed greater pupil dilation in response to both semantic anomalies and socio-cultural clashes. Our study is the first one demonstrating that personality traits systematically modulate listeners’ online language processing. Our results suggest that individuals with different personality profiles exhibit different patterns of the allocation of cognitive resources during real-time language comprehension.

scholarly journals Analysis of Low-Frequency Mutations Associated with Drug Resistance to Raltegravir before Antiretroviral Treatment

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 1114-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Liu ◽  
Michael D. Miller ◽  
Robert M. Danovich ◽  
Nathan Vandergrift ◽  
Fangping Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Viral Population ◽  
Virologic Suppression ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Allele Specific Sequencing ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTRaltegravir is highly efficacious in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. The prevalence and impact on virologic outcome of low-frequency resistant mutations among HIV-1-infected patients not previously treated with raltegravir have not been fully established. Samples from HIV treatment-experienced patients entering a clinical trial of raltegravir treatment were analyzed using a parallel allele-specific sequencing (PASS) assay that assessed six primary and six secondary integrase mutations. Patients who achieved and sustained virologic suppression (success patients,n= 36) and those who experienced virologic rebound (failure patients,n= 35) were compared. Patients who experienced treatment failure had twice as many raltegravir-associated resistance mutations prior to initiating treatment as those who achieved sustained virologic success, but the difference was not statistically significant. The frequency of nearly all detected resistance mutations was less than 1% of viral population, and the frequencies of mutations between the success and failure groups were similar. Expansion of pre-existing mutations (one primary and five secondary) was observed in 16 treatment failure patients in whom minority resistant mutations were detected at baseline, suggesting that they might play a role in the development of drug resistance. Two or more mutations were found in 13 patients (18.3%), but multiple mutations were not present in any single viral genome by linkage analysis. Our study demonstrates that low-frequency primary RAL-resistant mutations were uncommon, while minority secondary RAL-resistant mutations were more frequently detected in patients naïve to raltegravir. Additional studies in larger populations are warranted to fully understand the clinical implications of these mutations.

A Novel Blind Watermark Extraction Algorithm Based on Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform

2014 ◽  
Vol 989-994 ◽  
pp. 1901-1904
Author(s):  
Lei Feng ◽  
Xiao Fei Shi ◽  
Hong Yu Chen ◽  
Yan Hua Li ◽  
Yue Long Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Blind Source Separation ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Contourlet Transform ◽  
Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform ◽  
Independent Components ◽  
Extraction Algorithm ◽  
Blind Extraction ◽  
Ica Algorithm

Most existing watermark extraction algorithms were dependent on prior knowledge. This paper proposed a blind extraction method without relying on prior knowledge. According to constructing new observation based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform, which utilizes low frequency and directional components of watermarked image, more independent components are generated. We involve these components into watermarked image and resort this solution to multichannel blind source separation. Estimated watermark is recovered by ICA algorithm. Experiment results indicate that the proposed method can achieve better results in contrast with two existing algorithms.

scholarly journals Meteorological conditions over Antarctic blue-ice areas and their influence on the local surface mass balance

2001 ◽  
Vol 47 (156) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bintanja ◽  
Carleen H. Reijmer
Keyword(s):  
Mass Balance ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Surface Mass Balance ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sublimation Rates ◽  
Different Characteristics

AbstractThis paper addresses the causes of the prevailing meteorological conditions observed over an Antarctic blue-ice area and their effect on the surface mass balance. Over blue-ice areas, net accumulation is zero and ablation occurs mainly through sublimation. Sublimation rates are much higher than over adjacent snowfields. The meteorological conditions favourable for high sublimation rates (warm, dry and gusty) are due to the specific orographic setting of this blue-ice area, with usually a steep upwind mountainous slope causing strong adiabatic heating. Diabatic warming due to radiation, and entrainment of warm air from aloft into the boundary layer augment the warming. The prevailing warm, dry conditions explain roughly 50% of the difference in sublimation, and the different characteristics of blue ice (mainly its lower albedo) the other 50%. Most of the annual sublimation (∼70%) takes place during the short summer (mainly in daytime), with winter ablation being restricted to occasional warm, dry föhn-like events. The additional moisture is effectively removed by entrainment and horizontal advection, which are maximum over the blue-ice area. Low-frequency turbulent motions induced by the upwind mountains enhance the vertical turbulent transports. Strong gusts and high peak wind speeds over blue-ice areas cause high potential snowdrift transports, which can easily remove the total precipitation, thereby maintaining zero accumulation.

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