scholarly journals The efficacy of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) in inducing resistance against Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinegugu Precious Shude ◽  
Nokwazi Carol Mbili ◽  
Kwasi S Yobo
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Integrated Control ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Disease Reduction

Four ASM (acibenzolar-S-methyl) concentrations were applied on wheat plants at different growth stages prior to inoculation with 1x105 conidia/ml of Fusarium graminearum. Thereafter, disease severity was monitored and recorded over time. All ASM concentrations reduced disease severity compared to the control. The best treatment, providing the lowest Area Under the Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) units, high average Hundred Seed Weight (HSW) and reduced average Percentage Seed Infection (PSI), was 0.075 g/L ASM applied at anthesis. A weak but significant positive correlation was observed between AUDPC and PSI (r = 0.33; p = 0.0001). However, a moderate and weak negative correlation was observed between AUDPC and HSW (r = - 0.41; p < 0.0001) and HSW and PSI (r = - 0.18; p = 0.04) respectively. Higher ASM concentrations were more effective when applied at anthesis and lower concentrations at late boot. Moreover, repeated applications (applied at both late boot and anthesis) did not improve disease reduction. A disease reduction and deoxynivalenol (DON) reduction of up to 28.97% (0.075 g/L ASM applied at anthesis) and 18.79% (0.0375 g/L ASM applied at anthesis) was observed. However, DON and zearalenone (ZEA) reduction did not always correspond with disease severity reduction of tested treatments. This accentuates the importance of the development of integrated control strategies for the improved and effective management of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat.

scholarly journals Fusarium graminearum Possesses Virulence Factors Common to Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat and Seedling Rot of Soybean but Differing in Their Impact on Disease Severity

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 1201-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Sella ◽  
Katia Gazzetti ◽  
Carla Castiglioni ◽  
Wilhelm Schäfer ◽  
Francesco Favaron
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Map Kinases ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Seedling Rot

Fusarium graminearum is a toxigenic fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) and crown rot on cereal crops worldwide. This fungus also causes damping-off and crown and root rots at the early stage of crop development in soybean cultivated in North and South America. Several F. graminearum genes were investigated for their contribution to FHB in cereals but no inherent study is reported for the dicotyledonous soybean host. In this study we determined the disease severity on soybean seedlings of five single gene disrupted mutants of F. graminearum, previously characterized in wheat spike infection. Three of these mutants are impaired on a specific function as the production of deoxynivalenol (DON, Δtri5), lipase (ΔFgl1), and xylanase (Δxyl03624), while the remaining two are MAP kinase mutants (ΔFgOS-2, Δgpmk1), which are altered in signaling pathways. The mutants that were reduced in virulence (Δtri5, ΔFgl1, and ΔFgOS-2) or are avirulent (Δgpmk1) on wheat were correspondently less virulent or avirulent in soybean seedlings, as shown by the extension of lesions and seedling lengths. The Δxyl03624 mutant was as virulent as the wild type mirroring the behavior observed in wheat. However, a different ranking of symptom severity occurred in the two hosts: the ΔFgOS-2 mutant, that infects wheat spikelets similarly to Δtri5 and ΔFgl1 mutants, provided much reduced symptoms in soybean. Differently from the other mutants, we observed that the ΔFgOS-2 mutant was several fold more sensitive to the glyceollin phytoalexin suggesting that its reduced virulence may be due to its hypersensitivity to this phytoalexin. In conclusion, lipase and DON seem important for full disease symptom development in soybean seedlings, OS-2 and Gpmk1 MAP kinases are essential for virulence, and OS-2 is involved in conferring resistance to the soybean phytoalexin.

Chemotype and aggressiveness evaluation of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum isolates from wheat fields in Wisconsin

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Mueller ◽  
Carol Groves ◽  
Damon L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Sporulation Capacity ◽  
Derivatives Of

Fusarium graminearum commonly causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat, barley, rice, and oats. Fusarium graminearum produces nivalenol and deoxynivalenol (DON) and forms derivatives of DON based on its acetylation sites. The fungus is profiled into chemotypes based on DON derivative chemotypes (3 acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON) chemotype; 15 acetyldeoxynivalenol (15ADON) chemotype) and/or the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype. The current study assessed the Fusarium population found on wheat and the chemotype profile of the isolates collected from 2016 and 2017 in Wisconsin. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from all locations sampled in both 2016 and 2017. Fusarium culmorum was isolated only from Door County in 2016. Over both growing seasons, 91% of isolates were identified as the 15ADON chemotype while 9% of isolates were identified as the 3ADON chemotype. Aggressiveness was quantified by area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). The isolates with the highest AUDPC values were from the highest wheat producing cropping districts in the state. Deoxynivalenol production in grain and sporulation and growth rate in vitro were compared to aggressiveness in the greenhouse. Our results showed that 3ADON isolates in Wisconsin were among the highest in sporulation capacity, growth rate, and DON production in grain. However, there were no significant differences in aggressiveness between the 3ADON and 15ADON isolates. The results of this research detail the baseline frequency and distribution of 3ADON and 15ADON chemotypes observed in Wisconsin. Chemotype distributions within populations of F. graminearum in Wisconsin should continue to be monitored in the future.

scholarly journals Resistance in Winter Wheat Lines to Initial Infection and Spread Within Spikes by Deoxynivalenol and Nivalenol Chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Horevaj ◽  
Liane R. Gale ◽  
Eugene A. Milus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Wheat Lines

Head blight of wheat in the United States is caused primarily by the deoxynivalenol (DON)-producing chemotype of Fusarium graminearum. However, the discovery of the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype of F. graminearum in Louisiana and Arkansas necessitates having resistance in wheat to both chemotypes. The objectives of this research were to quantify resistance of selected winter wheat lines to initial infection and pathogen spread within spikes, to determine whether wheat lines selected for resistance to the DON chemotype also have resistance to the NIV chemotype, and to improve the methods for quantifying resistance to initial infection. A susceptible check (Coker 9835) and 15 winter wheat lines, which are adapted to the southeastern United States and possess diverse sources of head blight resistance, were evaluated for head blight resistance in a series of greenhouse and growth-chamber experiments. Significant levels of resistance to both initial infection and spread within a spike were found among the lines, and lines with resistance to isolates of the DON chemotype had even higher levels of resistance to isolates of the NIV chemotype. Quantifying resistance to initial infection was improved by standardizing the inoculum and environmental conditions. Additional information related to resistance to spread within a spike was obtained by calculating the area under the disease progress curve from 7 to 21 days after inoculation.

scholarly journals First Report of the Nivalenol Chemotype of Fusarium graminearum Causing Head Blight of Wheat in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (11) ◽  
pp. 1217-1217 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pasquali ◽  
F. Giraud ◽  
C. Brochot ◽  
L. Hoffmann ◽  
T. Bohn
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
First Report ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Control Water ◽  
Positive Controls

Head blight caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the major diseases of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Luxembourg (2) and there is concern for mycotoxins in diseased grain. Isolates of F. graminearum have been assigned to chemotypes based on the particular toxins produced. Ten wheat fields representing different topoclimatological areas of Luxembourg were surveyed in 2007 and 2008 to determine the frequency and distribution of chemotypes. Partially blighted wheat heads were collected, and diseased grains were plated on Fusarium-selective agar (dichloran-chloramphenicol-peptone) for 12 days at 22 ± 2°C with a 12-h light period. Monoconidial isolates of F. graminearum (79 in 2007 and 85 in 2008) were obtained by conidia dilution on 2% water agar and needle selection under a microscope. F. graminearum isolates showed rapid growth on potato dextrose agar, dense aerial mycelium with red pigment deposits in the plate, macroconidia with five to six defined septa, and a basal cell with the typical foot shape. Microconidia were absent. To confirm species identification, a PCR reaction was carried out using the F. graminearum species-specific primers Fg16F (5′-CTCCGGATATGTTGCGTCAA-3′) and Fg16R (5′-GGTAGGTATCCGACATGGCAA-3′) according to Demeke et al. (1). Chemotype of each isolate was determined according to Ward et al. (4). In particular, PCR primer 12CON (5′ CATGAGCATGGTGATGTC-3′) coupled with primer 12NF (5′-TCTCCTCGTTGTATCTGG-3′) and primer 3CON (5′-TGGCAAAGACTGGTTCAC-3′) coupled with primer 3NA (5′-GTGCACAGAATATACGAGC-3′) identified the nivalenol chemotype, primer 12CON coupled with primer 12-15F (5′-TACAGCGGTCGCAACTTC-3′) and primer 3CON coupled with primer 3D15A (5′-ACTGACCCAAGCTGCCATC-3′) identified the 15-acetylated deoxynivalenol (DON) chemotype, while primer 12CON coupled with primer 12-3F (5′-CTTTGGCAAGCCCGTGCA-3′) and primer 3CON coupled with primer 3D3A (5′-CGCATTGGCTAACACATG-3′) identified 3-acetylated DON chemotype. Reactions were repeated two times and positive controls (provided by Kerry O'Donnell, NRRL collection, Peoria, IL) and a negative control (water) were used in each reaction. Frequency of the nivalenol chemotype was found to be 2.5% in 2007 and 1% in 2008. Interestingly, the nivalenol chemotype was absent in southern Luxembourg. According to this finding, nivalenol was likely to be present at low levels in grain from Reisdorf and Echternach in 2007 (central Luxembourg) and in 2008 from grain of Troisvierges (northern Luxembourg). The remaining isolates in both years belonged to the 15-acetylated DON chemotype and the 3-acetylated DON chemotype was not detected. Compared with a previous report from the Netherlands (3), the nivalenol chemotype in Luxembourg is less frequent and widespread. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the nivalenol chemotype of F. graminearum causing head blight on wheat in Luxembourg. References:(1) T. Demeke et al. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 103:271, 2005. (2) F. Giraud et al. Plant Dis. 92:1587, 2008. (3) C. Waalwijk et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 109:743, 2003. (4) T. J. Ward et al. Fung. Genet. Biol. 45:473, 2008.

scholarly journals Determination of the most susceptible phenological stage of rice panicles to infection by species of Fusarium graminearum

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-246
Author(s):  
Bruno Tabarelli Scheidt ◽  
Ricardo Trezzi Casa ◽  
Otávio Ajala Fiorentin ◽  
Flávio Chupel Martins ◽  
Paulo Kuhnem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Rice Hybrid ◽  
Rice Panicles

ABSTRACT Occurrence of rice seeds infected by Fusarium graminearum has shown the importance of identifying the most favorable phenological stage of panicles to grain infection. The experiments were conducted in two crop seasons under greenhouse conditions, using the rice hybrid INOV CL. The phenological stages during inoculation were complete booting, full heading and flowering. All plots were inoculated using two isolates of Fusarium graminearium species complex 15A (F. graminearium - 15-ADON) and FmNiv (F. meridionale - Nivalenol). Disease severity was estimated at weekly intervals and was used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), while panicles were collected to determine the percentage of spotted grains and Fusarium incidence. Percentage of spotted grains and incidence of F. graminearum and F. meridionale were greater when inoculation was made during flowering stage, significantly differing from heading and booting stages. Rice flowering stage is more susceptible to infection by F. graminearum and F. meridionale, inducing higher disease severity and incidence of spotted grains, as well as presence of fungi in the grains. Flowering was the most susceptible stage in the two crop seasons for both isolates, and the complete booting stage presented the lowest values of AUDPC.

Effect of fungicide seed treatments on root pathogens of cereal crops under field conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Fernandez ◽  
W.E. May ◽  
G.P. Lafond
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Growing Conditions

It is of importance to reduce the spread of Fusarium graminearum to western regions of the Canadian prairies where Fusarium head blight has so far occurred to a limited extent. Determining the effectiveness of fungicides against F. graminearum in infected seed under various growing conditions will help design a comprehensive strategy for preventing the spread of this pathogen. Field trials at various locations in eastern Saskatchewan were conducted (2003-2005) to examine the performance of registered and experimental fungicides on Fusarium colonization of subcrown internodes (SIs) of plants derived from Fusarium-infected barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum [T. turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] wheat seed, and on SI discoloration. Among the fungi isolated from discolored SIs were Fusarium spp., including F. graminearum, and Cochliobolus sativus. Fusarium graminearum infections were mostly seed-borne whereas infection by other fungi appeared to be mostly soil-borne. Compared with the untreated infected control, the combined seed treatments reduced discoloration of SIs, but no single fungicide reduced discoloration consistently across site-years or crops. Similarly, no product consistently reduced the isolation of F. graminearum or other Fusarium pathogens, although some fungicides appeared to be more effective than others in reducing isolation of F. graminearum or C. sativus. Our observations agree with results from a controlled-environment study of effects of seed treatments on F. graminearum colonization of plants derived from infected common and durum wheat seed, thus confirming that treatment of F. graminearum-infected seed with fungicides will not likely prevent the spread of this pathogen.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Inoculation Methods to Determine Resistance Reactions of Wheat to Fusarium graminearum

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (12) ◽  
pp. 1530-1535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica S. Engle ◽  
Laurence V. Madden ◽  
Patrick E. Lipps
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Low Field ◽  
Inoculation Techniques ◽  
Progress Curve

Reliable greenhouse assays are needed to differentiate types of resistance in wheat to Fusarium graminearum. Genotypes with known field reactions were evaluated for resistance type using four greenhouse inoculation techniques. Percentage of spikelets with symptoms per spike (severity) and percentage of inoculated spikelets per spike developing symptoms were assessed 7, 10, and 14 days after inoculation (DAI). Genotypes were evaluated using disease assessments 14 DAI and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Significant genotype-inoculation technique interactions for disease assessments indicated that genotypes responded differently to greenhouse inoculation techniques. The central floret injection technique used to assess resistance to spread within the spike (type II resistance) did not indicate a resistant response in genotypes with low field disease severity (putative type II). Atomizing macroconidia onto spikes, used to assess resistance to primary infection (type I resistance), indicated a resistant response in one of five genotypes with low field disease incidence (percentage of spikes with symptomatic spikelets) (putative type I). The inoculation techniques in the greenhouse were unable to differentiate between different types of partial resistance. Results indicated disparity in the ability of greenhouse inoculation methods to identify genotypes with partial resistance as observed in the field. It was concluded that atomizing conidia onto the spikes and assessing disease severity did not differentiate between resistance types. Additionally, a one-time assessment 14 DAI was determined to be as informative as multiple assessments and calculating the AUDPC.

scholarly journals AC Baltic spring wheat

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-471
Author(s):  
H. G. Nass ◽  
H. W. Johnston ◽  
C. R. Blatt ◽  
J. S. Bubar ◽  
A. V. Rodd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Septoria Nodorum ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Glume Blotch ◽  
Cultivar Description

AC Baltic is a spring feed wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) with high grain yield, medium maturity and good lodging resistance. It is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe graminis, D.C. ex Merat f. sp. tritici Marchai), moderately susceptible to septoria leaf and glume blotch (caused by Septoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk.) and moderately tolerant to fusarium head blight (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe). AC Baltic is suited for production in eastern Canada.Key words: Wheat (spring), cultivar description

scholarly journals Transcript Abundance Responses of Resistance Pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana to Deoxynivalenol

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Jiazheng Yuan ◽  
Michelle Zhu ◽  
Khalid Meksem ◽  
Matt Geisler ◽  
Patrick Hart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Gibberella Zeae ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
Stress Related Genes ◽  
Expressed Sequence

Mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch (teleomorph of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) was known to be both a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) and an inhibitor of Arabidopsis thaliana L. seed germination. Fusarium graminearum causes both Gibberella ear rot in maize (Zea mays L.) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and barley. Arabidopsis thaliana was also a host for the related root rot pathogen F. virguliforme Aoki. A. thaliana seedling growth was reduced by the pathogen in a proportional response to increasing spore concentrations. Here, the changes in transcript abundances corresponding to 10,560 A. thaliana expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was compared with changes in 192 known plant defense and biotic/abiotic stress related genes in soybean roots after infestation with F. virguliforme. A parallel comparison with a set of resistance pathways involved in response to the DON toxicity in A. thaliana was performed. A. thaliana data was obtained from the AFGC depository. The variations of transcript abundances in Arabidopsis and soybean treated with pathogen suggest that both plants respond to the pathogen mainly by common, possibly global responses with some specific secondary metabolic pathways involved in defense. In contrast, DON toxin appeared to impact central metabolisms in Arabidopsis plants with significant alterations ranging from the protein metabolism to redox production. Several new putative resistance pathways involved in responding to both pathogen and DON infestation in soybean and A. thaliana were identified.

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