How Practical Are Minimum-Error Map Projections?

1994 ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Error ◽  
Map Projections ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Wide Acceptance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mercator Projection

Ever since the Mercator projection gained wide acceptance for general geographic world maps, there have been attempts to replace it because of its serious area dis tortion. Most minimum-error projections, however, are difficult or nearly impossible to construct without a modern computer. Does this negate their use? The answer is probably yes if most users need to digitize maps or do their own programming of formulas, but no if the goal is to make the map easier for measurement of distance, area, and shape. We too often s till choose projections to suit pre-computer criteria involving ease of cons truction, rather than to meet the needs of the map user. This paper reviews the practicality of minimum-error map proj ections and illustrates a wide range of minimum-error projections.

scholarly journals Phylogeography by diffusion on a sphere: whole world phylogeography

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remco Bouckaert
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Prior Information ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Mcmc Algorithm ◽  
Map Projections ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Joint Tree ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mercator Projection ◽  
Spherical Diffusion

BackgroundTechniques for reconstructing geographical history along a phylogeny can answer many questions of interest about the geographical origins of species. Bayesian models based on the assumption that taxa move through a diffusion process have found many applications. However, these methods rely on diffusion processes on a plane, and do not take the spherical nature of our planet in account. Performing an analysis that covers the whole world thus does not take in account the distortions caused by projections like the Mercator projection.ResultsIn this paper, we introduce a Bayesian phylogeographical method based on diffusion on a sphere. When the area where taxa are sampled from is small, a sphere can be approximated by a plane and the model results in the same inferences as with models using diffusion on a plane. For taxa sampled from the whole world, we obtain substantial differences. We present an efficient algorithm for performing inference in a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, and show applications to small and large samples areas. We compare results between planar and spherical diffusion in a simulation study and apply the method by inferring the origin of Hepatitis B based on sequences sampled from Eurasia and Africa.ConclusionsWe describe a framework for performing phylogeographical inference, which is suitable when the distortion introduced by map projections is large, but works well on a smaller scale as well. The framework allows sampling tips from regions, which is useful when the exact sample location is unknown, and placing prior information on locations of clades in the tree. The method is implemented in the GEO_SPHERE package in BEAST 2, which is open source licensed under LGPL and allows joint tree and geography inference under a wide range of models.

scholarly journals Creation of musical pieces At GUITAR PRO 6 (Part 2)

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Valery Kozlin ◽  
Valentina Grishenko
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Musical Notation ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Musical Scores ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Sound Engineer ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the article is to find out the specifics and methods of creating music in the sequencer GUITAR PRO 6. Methodology. The article uses a systematic approach, and also applies methods of comparison and generalization. Scientific novelty. For the first time in domestic musicology, innovative methods of working in the modern computer program sequencer GUITAR PRO 6 were discovered and proposed. The application of the methods and rules presented in the study provides the opportunity to transfer the work of a composer, arranger, sound engineer, musician, with a computer to a completely new stage in the development of musical creativity, which significantly improves the result of the study of musical texture, expanding the ways of existence of the work and the like. Conclusions. This software product is a powerful editor that allows you to create original scores at a professional level for subsequent editing. The program presents many useful tools with which the user can work with a different set of symbols of musical notation, as well as with a wide range of regulation of sound dynamics and tempo, which allows you to create samples of musical scores that sound and their phonograms. It has a powerful built-in MIDI editor, chord builder, player, metronome, and many other useful instruments for musicians. Ability to run Guitar Pro 6 on Windows, Linux, Mac OS platforms. Widely used by composers, arrangers, and sound engineers. Also, the methods of work in Guitar Pro 6 can be used for study by students who master the relevant specialties.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE MAXIMUM ACHIEVABLE GAIN (TRANSMISSION) KmS

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Andriy Vydmysh ◽  
Oleksandr Voznyak ◽  
Mykhailo Zamrii
Keyword(s):  
Short Circuit ◽  
Microwave Range ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Standard Equipment ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
S Parameters ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurement ◽  
Ultrahigh Frequencies

Increasing the level of semiconductor devices, improving their characteristics significantly affects the potential stability in a wide range of frequencies. Classical methods and standard measuring equipment are not designed to measure the parameters of potentially unstable transistors. Measuring systems are excited uncontrollably, which increases the measurement error. Therefore, today there is an urgent task of measuring the parameters of both transistors in particular and quadrupoles in general, in the frequency range of potential instability. The clock frequency at which modern computer equipment works is close to the microwave range (ultrahigh frequencies), which makes the problem of measuring and calculating the various functional units of the computer quite relevant. The development of new methods and means of measuring the parameters of potentially unstable quadrupoles in the microwave range is an important scientific field that can significantly improve the accuracy of their measurement on standard equipment. The conducted researches and the developed technique allow to increase accuracy of measurement of parameters of four-poles and to provide stability of experimental installation at measurement of parameters of any four-pole. The proposed methods are more efficient and solve the problem of measuring the S-parameters of potentially unstable quadrupoles in the microwave range. The parameters of the quadrupole have the dimensions of the elements of standard W-parameters, their measurements are performed in the microwave range with an error of less than 5%, and to a lesser extent depends on the coefficient of stability of the measuring path than when measuring S-parameters. When measuring the parameters of the quadrupole, there is no need to use the modes of short circuit and XX or make measurements with a coordinated measuring path, which allows to increase the measurement accuracy and ensure stability when measuring potentially unstable quadrupoles with Ks> 0.

Introductory remarks

1991 ◽  
Vol 337 (1647) ◽  
pp. 309-310
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Systematic Theory ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Computer Technology

Current research on statistical topics spans a wide range of ideas and fields of application. Much is connected with the systematic theory of methods for the analysis of empirical data, especially for situations, common in many areas of science and technology, where the random or haphazard element in the data is too strong to be ignored. Modern computer technology is important in enabling large amounts of data to be explored quickly and efficiently, in allowing methods involving iterative calculations to be handled as a matter of routine and in facilitating display of the results of analysis via sophisticated graphical devices. This has allowed both the development of new methods and also the application of ideas long known in principle but until relatively recently too complicated for other than occasional use. Some of the key ideas involved go back in essence to the 19th century, for example to Gauss, and others are more strongly associated with the first half of the 20th century, in particular to the pioneering work of R. A. Fisher, although many of the detailed developments are, of course, much more recent.

A Computer Method for Solving Dilemmas

1982 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton Wagman
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Untreated Control Group ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Individual Interaction ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Generic Problem ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Measurement Design

The results of two studies which have assessed the effectiveness of Dilemma Counseling on plato and the reaction of students to computerized counseling are reported. Dilemma Counseling is a generic problem-solving method for psychological dilemmas. The method was taught to college students through individual interaction with the plato computer. In addition to the method itself, over 400 sample solutions to more than 70 problems were available on plato. The problems and solutions cover a wide range of topics such as dating, study habits, and occupational choice. In two experiments evaluating plato Dilemma Counseling, a randomized pre-, post-, follow-up measurement design was used. In one experiment, plato Dilemma Counseling ( N = 41) was as effective as standard eclectic counseling ( N = 31) in solving student problems. In a second experiment, students exposed to plato Dilemma Counseling ( n = 48) showed significantly ( p < .01) greater improvement than an untreated control group ( n = 62). These findings and favorable subjective reactions to the teaching and counseling functions of PLATO suggested that a modern computer system can be helpful in solving psychological dilemmas.

scholarly journals Modern Computer Programs for the Development of Hearing and Their Use in Solfeggio Classes at a University

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Marina V. Pereverzeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Mobile Applications ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Information And Communication

Modern computer technologies are in demand and are actively used in music education. Their competent use contributes to the fulfillment of a wide range of pedagogical tasks. Teachers-musicians today can use the diverse potential of information and communication technologies intended for students to study theoretical disciplines. The application of information technologies in solfeggio lessons is currently one of the most priority areas in the fields of Russia, our attention was auditory and vocal educational programs and mobile applications designed to develop the main types of hearing: harmonic, rhythmic, melodic and intonational. The article is devoted to the specifics of the use of the “Absolute Hearing” program, designed to develop musical abilities.

scholarly journals Map Projection Education in General Cartography Textbooks: A Content Analysis

2018 ◽  
pp. 6-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Programming Languages ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Digital Environment ◽  
Map Projection ◽  
Map Projections ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Projection Properties ◽  
Mercator Projection ◽  
Recent Developments

As developments in the field of map projections occur (e.g., the deriving of a new map projection), it would be reasonable to expect that those developments that are important from a teaching standpoint would be included in cartography textbooks. However, researchers have not examined whether map projection material presented in cartography textbooks is keeping pace with developments in the field and whether that material is important for cartography students to learn. To provide such an assessment, I present the results of a content analysis of projection material discussed in 24 cartography textbooks published during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Results suggest that some material, such as projection properties, was discussed in all textbooks across the study period. Other material, such as methods used to illustrate distortion patterns, and the importance of datums, was either inconsistently presented or rarely mentioned. Comparing recent developments in projections to the results of the content analysis, I offer three recommendations that future cartography textbooks should follow when considering what projection material is important. First, textbooks should discuss the importance that defining a coordinate system has in the digital environment. Second, textbooks should summarize the results from experimental studies that provide insights into how map readers understand projections and how to choose appropriate map projections. Third, textbooks should review the impacts of technology on projections, such as the web Mercator projection, programming languages, and the challenges of projecting raster data. 

scholarly journals AUTOMATED LOGISTIC FLOW SYSTEM FOR TRADING ENTERPRISE

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
Svitlаnа Rzаiеvа ◽  
Dmуtrо Rzаiеv ◽  
Valeriy Kraskevich ◽  
Andrii Roskladka ◽  
Volodymir Gamaliy
Keyword(s):  
Computer Technology ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Enterprise Management ◽  
Distributed Software ◽  
Route Description ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Modern Computer Technology ◽  
Mapping Systems ◽  
Mapping Information

The article addresses one of the most pressing problems for a trading enterprise, namely the problem of routing logistics flows for efficient enterprise management. To optimize itineraries, we use state-of-the-art electronic navigation and mapping systems that can be implemented in modern computer technology, from online services available on any computer to mobile devices. Navigation and mapping systems are distributed software complexes with an array of information stored in database management systems. They involve millions of static objects and huge amounts of dynamic data around the world. To optimize the logistics flows, an algorithm for an automated routing system is described. This system solves the problems of automatic calculation of the construction and recognition of the optimal route between the specified points of its beginning and the end, tracking of movement on a given route and, in the case of congested roads, redirection of logistics flows. Based on the researches and experiments on the formation of a cognitive map in the human mind and the perception of the route description, an algorithm for storing and displaying route data is considered. This algorithm takes into account the personal psychology of perception of cartographic information. Developing an algorithm for describing the routing of trading enterprise traffic flows is creating a model of automatically found path between the predetermined points of its beginning and end. This mapping information is personalized, easy to read, fast to remember, and insensitive to user errors. The proposed algorithm is universal and can be used to solve a wide range of problems of logistic flows optimization.

scholarly journals Method of the Analysis of Materials’ Microstructure Based on the Fractal Analysis of Images

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Makarenko ◽  
Ekaterina Zentsova
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Fractal Analysis ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Complex Objects ◽  
Graphite Phase ◽  
Topological Parameters ◽  
Modern Computer ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Geometrically Complex ◽  
Graphite Inclusions

The basics of metallography and modern systems used to study and analyse the structures of materials are presented. Special attention is paid to the methods of quantitative microscopy. The review of modern computer programs for analysis of image microstructures obtained from digital microscopes is given. The fundamentals of fractal analysis as a highly effective tool for calculating numerical values of parameters of geometrically complex objects are described. The analysis of the graphitized cast iron structure is provided as an example; the application of the fractal analysis method for determining such characteristics of the graphite phase as the shape of graphite inclusions and their distribution in the amount of the alloy is demonstrated. In the course of the research, different classes of cast iron have been studied. To determine the shape of graphite inclusions it was suggested to use fractal dimension. The nonuniformity of the distribution was estimated by such function as lacunarity. The separate stages of determining these characteristics with a specialized FracLac plugin within the ImageJ program are presented. The results obtained have shown high adequacy. In spite of positive assessments, there are shortcomings revealed in the course of the research on the application of fractal analysis methods for identifying geometrically complex dimensional and topological parameters of the graphite phase in cast iron. The ways to further improve these methods in order to solve a wide range of problems in metallography of alloys are suggested.

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