Visualizing Uncertain Information

1992 ◽  
pp. 10-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. MacEachren
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Conceptual Models ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Spatial Uncertainty ◽  
Uncertain Information ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
The Difference

When a GIS is used to drive map-based visualization, exploration of potential relationships takes precedence over presentation of facts. In these early stages of scientific analysis or policy formulation, providing a way for analysts to assess uncertainty in the data they are exploring is critical to the perspectives they form and the approaches they decide to pursue. As a basis from which to develop methods for visualizing uncertain information, this paper addresses the difference between data quality and uncertainty, the application of Berlin's graphic variables to the representation of uncertainty, conceptual models of spatial uncertainty as they relate to kinds of cartographic symbolization, and categories of user interfaces suited to presenting data and uncertainty about that data. Also touched on is the issue of how we might evaluate our attempts to depict uncertain information on maps.

Extended two-dimensional belief function based on divergence measurement

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jianping Fan ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Meiqin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Belief Function ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Divergence Measure ◽  
Uncertain Information ◽  
Belief Functions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Probability Distribution Functions ◽  
Basic Probability ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Supporting Degree

The two-dimensional belief function (TDBF = (mA, mB)) uses a pair of ordered basic probability distribution functions to describe and process uncertain information. Among them, mB includes support degree, non-support degree and reliability unmeasured degree of mA. So it is more abundant and reasonable than the traditional discount coefficient and expresses the evaluation value of experts. However, only considering that the expert’s assessment is single and one-sided, we also need to consider the influence between the belief function itself. The difference in belief function can measure the difference between two belief functions, based on which the supporting degree, non-supporting degree and unmeasured degree of reliability of the evidence are calculated. Based on the divergence measure of belief function, this paper proposes an extended two-dimensional belief function, which can solve some evidence conflict problems and is more objective and better solve a class of problems that TDBF cannot handle. Finally, numerical examples illustrate its effectiveness and rationality.

scholarly journals Uncertainties in complex dynamic environments

2014 ◽  
Vol Volume 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasmik Atoyan ◽  
Jean-Marc Robert ◽  
Jean-Rémi Duquet
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Uncertain Information ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Machine Systems

The utilization of Decision Support Systems (DSS) in complex dynamic environments leads the human operator almost inevitably to having to face several types of uncertainties. Thus it is essential for system designers to clearly understand the different types of uncertainties that could exist in human-machine systems of complex environments, to know their impacts on the operator's trust in the systems and decision-making process, and to have guidelines on how to present uncertain information on user interfaces. It is also essential for them to have an overview of the different stages, levels, and types of system automation, and to know their possible impacts on the creation of different types of uncertainties. This paper investigates these topics and aim at helping researchers and practitioners to deal with uncertainties in complex environments.

Effectiveness of long-acting injectables and clozapine in a real-world setting during the early-stages of psychotic illness

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S105-S105
Author(s):  
E.G. Ostinelli ◽  
E. Guanella ◽  
S. Cavallotti ◽  
C. Casetta ◽  
A. D’Agostino
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Psychotic Illness ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Real World Setting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Long Acting

IntroductionIntervention in the early-stages of psychosis may be able to shape the clinical course; critical period (CP) is best represented by the first 5 years from first admission (FA).ObjectivesTo investigate the effectiveness of pharmacological intervention within and beyond the CP.Aims(1) To compare hospitalization rates of patients stabilized on treatment with LAIs and CLZ. (2) To determine whether treatment with LAIs and CLZ within CP can influence hospitalization rates.MethodsData were retrospectively collected from patients diagnosed with non-affective psychoses with FA between 2000 and 2014; 200 patients were then divided into three groups, according to stabilized treatment regimen during the final year of observation: treatment as usual (TAU), CLZ, LAIs. hospitalization duration (HSPD) and frequency (HSP) were calculated for each group.ResultsDespite a major severity before assignment to either CLZ or LAIs treatment, HSPD and HSP in both groups shifted below those observed for the TAU arm. Patients who began treatment with LAIs within the CP showed a highly significant decrease of both HSPD and HSP (respectively 17.4 ± 18 vs. 2.6 ± 8.2; Z = −2.856; P < 0.005 and 1.1 ± 0.8 vs. 0.2 ± 0.5; Z = −3.115; P < 0.005). No significant changes in hospitalization rates were observed for subjects who began treatment with LAIs after the CP.ConclusionsOur study confirms that treatment with either CLZ or LAIs significantly impacts the course of psychotic disorders. The data seem to suggest that LAIs and CLZ should be considered more effective than conventional oral antipsychotics in the early-stages of psychotic illness. The difference among treatments tends to wane beyond the CP, especially for LAIs.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Spatial Metadata Usability Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Kalantari ◽  
Syahrudin Syahrudin ◽  
Abbas Rajabifard ◽  
Hardi Subagyo ◽  
Hannah Hubbard
Keyword(s):  
Data Quality ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
End Users ◽  
Data Discovery ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Critical Part ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency

Spatial metadata is a critical part of any spatial data infrastructure, which enables the organising, sharing, discovery and use of spatial data. This paper highlights a knowledge gap in the usability of the metadata systems for the end–users. It then addresses the gap by applying the User Centred Design approach to investigate the usability of metadata records. The research engages with end–users concerning efficiency and effectiveness of metadata systems, and end–users’ satisfaction and expectations. The results indicate significant gaps with the effectiveness and efficiency of metadata systems for spatial data discovery and selection. Inconsistency and irrelevant information in the metadata records were found in the title, keywords, abstracts, data quality and other elements of the metadata. Additionally, essential improvements were identified for user interfaces. Discouraging presentation of the metadata is a prominent problem found in the interface of the metadata systems.

User Interfaces and Markup Language Programming

2003 ◽  
pp. 78-109
Author(s):  
Jeffery Hsu
Keyword(s):  
User Interfaces ◽  
Electronic Publishing ◽  
Interactive Systems ◽  
Web Page ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Interaction Mode ◽  
Site Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

The role of the user interface (interaction mode) is of considerable importance, since the method of interaction can have an impact on both performance and satisfaction with regards to using a programming language. While markup languages are now widely used for Web page and site design and electronic publishing applications, they have not been studied adequately compared with other kinds of languages. The impact of interaction mode, in this case command-based coding, versus using a form-fill-in wizard, is examined, with respect to performance and satisfaction while performing a survey-oriented task. Skill level, which classified users as being either a novice or experienced, was another factor, which was taken into account in this study. The results showed the use of wizards brought about better performance than using the command language, and the difference between modes was far greater for novices rather than experienced users. In addition, using the wizard tended to equalize performance across skill levels. With regards to system satisfaction, there were significant differences between interaction modes, however no differences were reported between skill levels. These differences in performance and satisfaction should be noted and considered when designing interactive systems for programming-related applications.

Legal Content and the Issues of Classification of Socio-economic Human Rights

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 2078
Author(s):  
Gulmira S. BAZAROVA ◽  
Axunkar I. BIRMANOVA ◽  
Indira Z. ALIYEVA ◽  
Gulnara U. BALGIMBEKOVA ◽  
Nailya S. AKHEMETOVA
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control ◽  
In Virtue Of ◽  
Present Group ◽  
Social And Economic Rights

The main feature of social and economic rights is that their implementation requires governmental assistance and control for realization. Therefore, the stance on the present category of rights and freedoms is quite ambiguous. Scientific analysis and generalization of actual variety of socio-economic rights are complicated with the fact the classification of considered categories of rights cannot be based on emphasizing one and only criterion. The main goal of this paper is the studying of legal content and issues of classification of social and economic rights of man. To reach this goal authors have used analysis methods. Having analyzed works of Belova-Ganeva G. it was elicited the essence of socio-economic rights lays in the fact ʽthey help to reduce unjustified social differences and provide individual with the possibility of getting benefits or services and having state supportʽ. The variety of rights’ content comprising the present group results in the situation when the same right, in virtue of various grounds, can be attributed to two or more classified groups. The difference between goals becomes visible within the process of normative setting of separate socio-economic rights and when subjects exercise them. Correspondingly, in the present work authors distinguish rights in the sphere of property and economic activity for one group, while the second group includes rights in the sphere of social security and social insurance.

scholarly journals Carbon and cost critical elements: a comparative analysis of two office buildings

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Florencia Victoria ◽  
Srinath Perera ◽  
Alan Davies ◽  
Nirodha Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Office Buildings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Optimum Balance ◽  
Building Elements

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and compare cost and carbon critical elements of two office buildings, and to help achieve an optimum balance between the capital cost (CC) and embodied carbon (EC) of buildings. Design/methodology/approach Case study approach was employed to study cost and carbon critical elements of two office buildings as it allows an in-depth and holistic investigation. Elemental estimates of CC and EC were prepared from BoQs of the two buildings by obtaining rates from the UK Building Blackbook. Pareto principle (80:20 rule) was used to identify carbon and cost critical elements of the two buildings, and the significance hierarchies of building elements were compared. Findings Substructure, frame and services were identified as both carbon and cost critical elements responsible for more than 70 per cent of the total CC and EC of both buildings. Stairs and ramps, internal doors and fittings, furnishings and equipment were identified to be the least carbon- and cost-significant elements contributing less than 2 per cent of total CC and EC in both buildings. The hierarchy of cost and carbon significance varies between buildings due to the difference in the specification and design. Originality/value The increasing significance of dual currency (cost and carbon) demands cost and carbon management during the early stages of projects. Hence, this paper suggests that focusing on carbon and cost-intensive building elements is a way forward to keep both cost and carbon under control during the early stages of projects.

scholarly journals Testing alternative conceptual models of river-aquifer connectivity and their impacts on baseflow and river recharge processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayyab Mehmood ◽  
Gretchen Miller ◽  
Peter Knappett
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Models ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Brazos River ◽  
Monitoring Wells ◽  
River Incision ◽  
Alluvium Aquifer ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Best Fit

This study characterizes the dynamics of exchange fluxes between Brazos River Alluvium Aquifer and the Brazos River, TX, USA. Seven alternative conceptual models for the connection between the river and the aquifer were simulated in HYDRUS 2D using small-scale, high-resolution transects across the river. These models assumed varying aquifer lithology and river incision depths and considered processes such as riverbed clogging and seepage face flows. The simulations were forced by observed river stage values and tested against observed hydraulic heads in two nearby monitoring wells. The nearly 1.5 years of sub-hourly measurements spanned both flood and drought periods. The best-fit conceptual model supported a hypothesized hydraulic disconnection between the subsurface near the river and the wider alluvial aquifer. In contrast to the assumptions of previous studies, these data were more consistent with the presence of an abandoned paleochannel rather than riverbed clogging or other low-permeability zones. The implications for groundwater-surface water exchanges, and their modelling, are profound. Across the range of models, the difference in average baseflow predicted was nearly 13 m3/d/m, equivalent to seven times the firm water rights allocated for river users.

scholarly journals pDeep3: Towards More Accurate Spectrum Prediction with Fast Few-Shot Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching Tarn ◽  
Wen-Feng Zeng ◽  
Zhengcong Fei ◽  
Si-Min He
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Source Code ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Collision Induced Dissociation ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Energy Collision ◽  
Spectrum Prediction ◽  
The Difference

AbstractSpectrum prediction using deep learning has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Although existing deep learning methods have dramatically increased the prediction accuracy, there is still considerable space for improvement, which is presently limited by the difference of fragmentation types or instrument settings. In this work, we use the few-shot learning method to fit the data online to make up for the shortcoming. The method is evaluated using ten datasets, where the instruments includes Velos, QE, Lumos, and Sciex, with collision energies being differently set. Experimental results show that few-shot learning can achieve higher prediction accuracy with almost negligible computing resources. For example, on the dataset from a untrained instrument Sciex-6600, within about 10 seconds, the prediction accuracy is increased from 69.7% to 86.4%; on the CID (collision-induced dissociation) dataset, the prediction accuracy of the model trained by HCD (higher energy collision dissociation) spectra is increased from 48.0% to 83.9%. It is also shown that, the method is not critical to data quality and is sufficiently efficient to fill the accuracy gap. The source code of pDeep3 is available at http://pfind.ict.ac.cn/software/pdeep3.

scholarly journals Habitat segregation of Gerres japonicus and G. limbatus in early stages in the Tien Yen estuary, Northern Vietnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh Trung Tran ◽  
Hau Duc Tran ◽  
Nam Hoang Chu ◽  
Thuy Thi Ta
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Nursery Ground ◽  
Middle Reach ◽  
Northern Vietnam ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Salinity Preference ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
The Difference

Silver-biddy (Gerreidae: Gerres) are commercially important euryhaline fishes in coastal waters; however, information about their distribution during early stages in estuarine environments is poorly known. The present study aims to elucidate the habitat utilization of two species of the family, Gerres japonicus and G. limbatus as larvae and juveniles based on monthly collections from 2013 to 2015 in the Tien Yen estuary, northern Vietnam. They occurred from April to June for G. japonicus and in April and May for G. limbatus with a peak in May for both the species. Both G. japonicus and G. limbatus used the Tien Yen estuary as a nursery ground; however, the former species that colonized the shallows along the banks of the estuary extended to near freshwater habitat, whereas the latter was found at the end of the upper reach and the middle reach. The difference habitat use between the two species in the early life history may be related to their specific salinity preference as G. japonicus prefer lower salinities than G. limbatus.

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