Fiscal incentives of local governments and the enterprise tax burden: firm-level evidence from China

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runze Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Fiscal Incentives

Distributional Impacts of State and Local Tax Policy in a Heterogeneous-agent Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 971-1001
Author(s):  
Jorge A. Barro
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Property Tax ◽  
Housing Demand ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Heterogeneous Agent ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Agent Model ◽  
Sales Taxation ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Tax Deduction

This article presents a dynamic heterogeneous-agent life-cycle model with housing demand to evaluate the economic implications of reforming US state and local personal tax structures. Because of the extensive reliance of state and local governments on income, sales, and property tax revenue, those three taxes are explicitly modeled to generate a baseline and varied to evaluate alternative policy proposals. The results of the model show that the sales tax burden falls evenly across the distribution of income earners, while the property tax burden falls more heavily on the highest income earners. By design, the model’s income tax is progressive, so the tax burden shares rise with income. Results also show that the property tax generally improves utilitarian social welfare relative to income and sales taxation, but the magnitude of these gains depends on the availability of a state and local tax deduction on federal income taxes.

The Microfoundation of State Intervention and Policy Effectiveness

2018 ◽  
pp. 93-130
Author(s):  
Ling Chen
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Electronics Industry ◽  
Government Funding ◽  
Domestic Firm ◽  
Private Firms ◽  
Policy Effectiveness ◽  
Firm Level

This chapter explains the effectiveness of policy implementation and the varied capabilities of local governments, using policy tools to generate firm-level upgrading incentives. Using China’s largest manufacturing industry—the electronics industry—as an example, the chapter compares the development of China’s two largest manufacturing cities, Suzhou and Shenzhen. It demonstrates how earlier patterns of FDI attraction and the prioritization of large or small FIEs gave rise to distinctive foreign–domestic firm relations. Through both in-depth case studies and hierarchical models, the chapter shows that a segregated relationship started by the group-offshoring strategy of large FIEs makes upgrading policies, such as government funding and tax cuts, less effective and dampens the innovation incentives for domestic private firms. By contrast, a more equal, broadly connected relationship started by the subcontracting strategy of small FIEs makes upgrading policies more likely to generate firm-level innovation behavior.

The Heterogeneous Tax Burden: Evidence from Firm-Level Data in China

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianliang Ye ◽  
Xiaohan Guo ◽  
Deming Luo ◽  
Xiangrong Jin
Keyword(s):  
Tax Burden ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Firm Level Data

scholarly journals Empowering Cities: Good for Growth? Evidence from the People's Republic of China

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-195
Author(s):  
Megha Mukim ◽  
T. Juni Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Credit Constraints ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Firm Outcomes ◽  
Local Leaders

This paper utilizes a countrywide process of county-to-city upgrading in the 1990s to identify whether extending the powers of urban local governments leads to better firm outcomes. The paper hypothesizes that since local leaders in newly promoted cities have an incentive to utilize their new administrative remit to maximize gross domestic product and employment, there should be improvements in economic outcomes. In fact, aggregate firm-level outcomes do not necessarily improve after county-to-city graduation. However, state-owned enterprises perform better after graduation, with increased access to credit through state-owned banks as a possible explanation. Importantly, newly promoted cities with high capacity generally produce better aggregate firm outcomes compared with newly promoted cities with low capacity. The conclusions are twofold. First, relaxing credit constraints for firms could lead to large increases in their operations and employment. Second, increasing local government's administrative remit is not enough to lead to better firm and economic outcomes; local capacity is of paramount importance.

scholarly journals Regional Minimum Wage and the Increase in the Personal Exemption

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Solihin Makmur Alam
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Almost All

The policy of the Central Government raised the limit on Income Not Taxable (PTKP) to reduce the income tax burden on workers. At the same time, local governments also raise the Regional Minimum Wage (UMR) in 2013 to customize it with the level of inflation and rising prices. Some people think that the policy of the Central Government to improve the welfare of workers by doing adjustments on PTKP is useless because in fact the increase coincided with increases in PTKP UMR. In 2013, almost all local governments set the UMR under PTKP. Thus, the workers who work in these areas did not have to pay income tax. This condition does not apply to workers who work in areas that have the above PTKP UMR. The workers who work in these areas will not receive earnings as a whole. Thus, the income tax has reduced the level of their well -being.

scholarly journals Regional Minimum Wage and the Increase in the Personal Exemption

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Solihin Makmur Alam
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Almost All

The policy of the Central Government raised the limit on Income Not Taxable (PTKP) to reduce the income tax burden on workers. At the same time, local governments also raise the Regional Minimum Wage (UMR) in 2013 to customize it with the level of inflation and rising prices. Some people think that the policy of the Central Government to improve the welfare of workers by doing adjustments on PTKP is useless because in fact the increase coincided with increases in PTKP UMR. In 2013, almost all local governments set the UMR under PTKP. Thus, the workers who work in these areas did not have to pay income tax. This condition does not apply to workers who work in areas that have the above PTKP UMR. The workers who work in these areas will not receive earnings as a whole. Thus, the income tax has reduced the level of their well -being.

THE HETEROGENEOUS TAX BURDEN: EVIDENCE FROM FIRM-LEVEL DATA IN CHINA

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (04) ◽  
pp. 1003-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIANLIANG YE ◽  
XIAOHAN GUO ◽  
DEMING LUO ◽  
XIANGRONG JIN
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Tax Reduction ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Policy Suggestions ◽  
The Relationship

Firms’ behaviors are not only affected by their taxation burden level, but also their differences from each other. In this paper, we use Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database (CIED) to investigate the relationship between firms’ heterogeneity of tax burden and firms’ characteristics, such as size, ownership, exportation and location. We measure a firm’s tax burden in three ways, the value-added tax (VAT) burden, the corporate income tax (CIT) burden, and the total tax burden. By using a Hausman–Taylor estimation, we find: (1) The CIT burden is positively correlated to the size, while other two tax burdens are not; (2) Both the VAT burden and the total tax burden of SOEs are significantly heavier than those of non-SOEs, while the CIT burden shows the exactly opposite effect; (3) Exporters have a remarkably lower tax burden than non-exporters for all three tax burden measures; and (4) The western region and particularly the central region have lighter tax burden than the eastern region for all three tax burden measures. We also provide empirical evidence and policy suggestions for continuing to proceed with the structural tax reduction and the structural fiscal reform in China.

Privatizing Rural China: Insider Privatization, Innovative Contracts and the Performance of Township Enterprises

2003 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 981-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbin Li ◽  
Scott Rozelle
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Book Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Privatized Firms ◽  
Privatization Process ◽  
Insider Privatization

This article examines the privatization of China's township enterprises. According to our survey of 670 firms in 15 randomly selected counties in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, more than half of the firms owned by local government were completely privatized by 1999. The privatization process is striking for two reasons. First, local governments almost always sold firms to insiders, while in the rest of the world privatization largely involves outsiders. Secondly, unlike the predictions of some academics and policy makers, many privatized firms have experienced an increase in performance. Drawing on firm-level survey data and extensive interviews with government leaders and managers, we found that leaders devised a way to elicit information from the buyer at the time of the sale about the firm's future profitability that enabled them to execute privatization successfully. Our analysis shows that the performance of firms with new owners that paid a price for the firm that exceeded the book value of its assets is on par with the performance of private firms after privatization since they also received strong incentives.

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