Peran Faktor Domestik Jepang dalam Kebijakan Investasi Proyek PLTU Batang

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-215
Author(s):  
Faiz Balya Marwan
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Green Industry ◽  
Japanese Investment ◽  
Green Politics ◽  
Information Input ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
Strategic Project

Japan is one country that is consistent with green policies both in domestic and foreign policy through the Chonaikai movement and the green industry. The policy cannot be separated from the role of the development of Japan’s green groups that emerged since the world oil crisis of the 1970s. However, in 2011 there was a policy inconsistency marked by an upward trend in Japanese investment in developing coal-based projects. The biggest investment is in Indonesia in the development of the Batang PLTU. Batang PLTU is a national strategic project as a result of the 2005 Infrastructure Summit which is inconsistent with green politics in Japan’s foreign policy. This article analyzes Japan’s supports the Batang PLTU project using Lovell’s foreign policy process approach. This article argues that Japan’s decision to invest in the Batang PLTU project cannot be separated from the existence of information input in the form of domestic demand, domestic opinion, domestic interests, and Japanese domestic needs. This is inseparable from the financial and political power of business groups that are able to indirect lobbying and direct lobbying.

10. The role of media and public opinion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piers Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
War On Terror ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Persuasive Communication ◽  
The Public ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
The Media

This chapter examines the relevance of media and public opinion to our understanding of foreign policy and international politics. It first considers whether public opinion influences foreign policy formulation, as argued by the pluralist model, or whether the public are politically impotent, as argued by the elite model. It then explores whether the media can influence foreign policy formulation, as argued by the pluralist model, or whether the media are fundamentally subservient to the foreign policy process, as argued by the elite model. It also integrates these competing arguments with theoretical frames used in the study of international relations: namely, realism, liberalism, and critical approaches (including constructivism and post-structuralism). The chapter concludes by discussing contemporary debates concerning organized persuasive communication and the ‘war on terror’.

Chinese Civilian Foreign Policy Research Institutes: Evolving Roles and Increasing Influence

2002 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 597-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie S. Glaser ◽  
Phillip C. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Research Institutes ◽  
Traditional Research ◽  
Policy Making Process

A more pragmatic Chinese foreign policy and a more bureaucratic policy-making process have increased the opportunities for China's civilian research institutes to affect foreign policy. Beijing's growing involvement in the international community has created increased demand for research and analysis to aid Chinese leaders in making informed decisions. A more pluralistic and competitive policy environment has given analysts at think tanks more influence, but has also created new competition from analysts and authors working outside the traditional research institute system. This article examines the evolving role of Chinese civilian foreign policy research institutes, their relationships to policy makers, and the pathways through which they provide input into Chinese foreign policy formulation. It provides an overview of the key civilian research institutes, identifies important trends affecting them, and examines the roles and functions they play. The article concludes with an assessment of sources of policy influence within the Chinese foreign policy process.

7. The foreign policy process: executive, Congress, intelligence

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Foley
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
War On Terror ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
The Political ◽  
Lead Agency ◽  
Judicial Recognition ◽  
The U.S

This chapter examines the U.S. foreign policy process which encompasses the executive, Congress, and intelligence. It first considers American foreign policy as a primary agency of government adaptation before discussing the role of the executive as the lead agency of systemic evolution in response to foreign policy needs, taking into account the executive prerogative and judicial recognition of inherent executive power. It then describes the political and technical difficulties experienced by Congress in matching the executive in foreign policy. It also explores the ramifications of 9/11 and the war on terror for American foreign policy and concludes with an overview of U.S. foreign policy under Barack Obama.

scholarly journals The Role of Domestic Factors in the Formulation of Foreign Policy of Pakistan (From 2000-2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol V (II) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Fozia BiBi ◽  
Abida Yousaf
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The foreign policy process involves many internal and external factors. This paper is mainly focusing on some important domestic factors in the formulation of Foreign Policy of Pakistan. Due to Parliamentary form of government, Prime Minister plays a significant role at home and abroad. However, due to the complexity of the foreign policy formulation it also involves President, Foreign Minister, and Parliament along with Prime Minister. However, the role of public opinion and media is also important in this regard. Moreover, foreign policy decisions are also influenced and affected by the responses of public and media. Islamic Republic of Pakistan is an ideological State and ideology also plays a key role in the formulation of the foreign policy. The Islamic ideology provides the foundations of foreign policy of Pakistan since independence.

The role of history in the formulation of Canadian foreign policy statements

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 576-593
Author(s):  
Nelson Michaud ◽  
Stéphane Tremblay ◽  
Frédéric Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
General Public ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Pierre Elliott Trudeau ◽  
Canadian Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
International Issues

Foreign policy statements—and, namely, white papers—offer diplomats, civil servants, and the general public, as well as international actors (friends and foes alike) an understanding of what motivates a country to engage in international issues. They are fundamental government declarations intended to direct the policy process toward its political and operational objectives. Is history embedded in the message these statements carry? And, if so, how is history used? Relying on Brands and Suri’s typology and framing categories (factual/normative), this article explores white papers issued by governments led by Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin Jr., as well as the 2017 House of Commons statement by Justin Trudeau’s foreign affairs minister, Chrystia Freeland. Based on Canada’s tradition of Pearsonian internationalism, we hypothesize that the factual use of history would prevail. We find this to be the case, but with important nuances.

POLICY CHANGE – THE ROLE OF IDEAS AND POLICY ENTREPRENEURS

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Arwanto Arwanto ◽  
Wike Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Policy Process ◽  
Policy Entrepreneurs ◽  
Multiple Streams ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Problem Framing ◽  
Exogenous Factors ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT Understanding policy process involves many distinctive approaches. The most common are institutional, groups or networks, exogenous factors, rational actors, and idea-based approach. This paper discussed the idea-based approach to explain policy process, in this case policy change. It aims to analyse how ideas could assist people to understand policy change. What role do they play and why are they considered as fundamental element? It considers that ideas are belong to every policy actor, whether it is individual or institution. In order to answer these questions, this paper adopts Kingdon’s multi streams approach to analyse academic literatures. Through this approach, the relationship between ideas and policy change can be seen clearer. Ideas only can affect in policy change if it is agreed and accepted by policy makers. Therefore the receptivity of ideas plays significant role and it emerges policy entrepreneurs. They promote ideas (through problem framing, timing, and narrative construction) and manipulate in order to ensure the receptivity of ideas. Although policy entrepreneurs play significant role, political aspects remains the most important element in the policy process. Keywords: policy change, ideas, idea-based approach, Kingdon’s multiple streams, policy entrepreneurs.

Dammed If You Don’t, But What If You Do? Breaching the Lower Snake River Dams in Washington State

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Elizabeth C. Lopardo ◽  
Clare M. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Policy Process ◽  
Food Source ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Snake River ◽  
Environmental Groups ◽  
Steep Decline ◽  
Mitigation Techniques ◽  
Economic Analyses

Four dams on the lower Snake River in Washington State generate hydropower and allow for regional agriculture and barge shipping to Portland OR. However, the dams impede the migration of local salmon populations (Oncorhynchus spp.), which are in steep decline, and drastically impact the populations of salmon and orca whales, for whom salmon are a primary food source. For years, environmental groups have argued for breaching the dams; other interests counter that the dams are too critical to the economy of the region to lose; and federal agencies assert that the dams can remain and salmon populations will recover with mitigation techniques. Scientific and economic analyses, litigation, and elected officials’ efforts have not been able to move the issue towards a solution. Readers will examine the interests of primary actors in the issue, how they influence the policy process, the role of scientific and economic analyses, and possible approaches for resolving the issue.

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