scholarly journals Finding opportunities in the area of Alternative Methods to Animal Testing for Romania and inauguration of the Romanian Center for Alternative Test Methods (ROCAM)

ALTEX ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-393
Author(s):  
Lucian Farcal
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Alternative Test

scholarly journals The propagation saw test: slope scale validation and alternative test methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (208) ◽  
pp. 407-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron K.H. Ross ◽  
Bruce Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Scale Validation ◽  
Fracture Propagation ◽  
Fracture Initiation ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Column Length ◽  
Layer Depth ◽  
Weak Layer ◽  
Predictive Skill ◽  
Alternative Test

AbstractThe propagation saw test (PST) is a recently developed snowpack test that enables assessment of the fracture propagation propensity of selected persistent weak-layer and slab combinations, which are known to release dry-slab avalanches. In this paper, we assess the slope- scale accuracy of the standard PST method at validated sites of observed weak-layer fracture initiation, with or without propagation. We also report on experiments with alternative test methods and varying saw thicknesses. Results show the standard PST method is comparably accurate to other common snowpack tests in predictive skill when predicting propagation propensity on the slope scale. Although a slight but significant dependence on saw thickness was found, it did not affect the interpretation in our validation study. Alternative methods such as scaling the test column length with weak-layer depth or leaving the upslope end of the column attached to the surrounding snowpack did not improve slope- scale accuracy and these tests were often more difficult to interpret.

The Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM): A Review of the ICCVAM Test Method Evaluation Process and Current International Collaborations with the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Stokes ◽  
Leonard M. Schechtman ◽  
Richard N. Hill
Keyword(s):  
International Adoption ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
European Centre ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Alternative Test

Over the last decade, national authorities in the USA and Europe have launched initiatives to validate new and improved toxicological test methods. In the USA, the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM), and its supporting National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods (NICEATM), were established by the Federal Government to work with test developers and Federal agencies to facilitate the validation, review, and adoption of new scientifically sound test methods, including alternatives that can reduce, refine, and replace animal use. In Europe, the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) was established to conduct validation studies on alternative test methods. Despite differences in organisational structure and processes, both organisations seek to achieve the adoption and use of alternative test methods. Accordingly, both have adopted similar validation and regulatory acceptance criteria. Collaborations and processes have also evolved to facilitate the international adoption of new test methods recommended by ECVAM and ICCVAM. These collaborations involve the sharing of expertise and data for test-method workshops and independent scientific peer reviews, and the adoption of processes to expedite the consideration of test methods already reviewed by the other organisation. More recently, NICEATM and ECVAM initiated a joint international validation study on in vitro methods for assessing acute systemic toxicity. These collaborations are expected to contribute to accelerated international adoption of harmonised new test methods that will support improved public health and provide for reduced and more-humane use of laboratory animals.

scholarly journals Single-Cell Analysis Reveals that Chronic Silver Nanoparticle Exposure Induces Cell Division Defects in Human Epithelial Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen B. Garcia ◽  
Cynthia Alms ◽  
Albert W. Hinman ◽  
Conor Kelly ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Single Cell Analysis ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
Safety Testing ◽  
Human Epithelial Cells ◽  
Important Addition ◽  
Short And Long Term

Multiple organizations have urged a paradigm shift from traditional, whole animal, chemical safety testing to alternative methods. Although these forward-looking methods exist for risk assessment and predication, animal testing is still the preferred method and will remain so until more robust cellular and computational methods are established. To meet this need, we aimed to develop a new, cell division-focused approach based on the idea that defective cell division may be a better predictor of risk than traditional measurements. To develop such an approach, we investigated the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on human epithelial cells. AgNPs are the type of nanoparticle most widely employed in consumer and medical products, yet toxicity reports are still confounding. Cells were exposed to a range of AgNP doses for both short- and-long term exposure times. The analysis of treated cell populations identified an effect on cell division and the emergence of abnormal nuclear morphologies, including micronuclei and binucleated cells. Overall, our results indicate that AgNPs impair cell division, not only further confirming toxicity to human cells, but also highlighting the propagation of adverse phenotypes within the cell population. Furthermore, this work illustrates that cell division-based analysis will be an important addition to future toxicology studies.

scholarly journals Roadmap for the development of alternative test methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (10) ◽  
pp. 3597-3598
Author(s):  
Tim Brecklinghaus
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
Alternative Test

Integrated Decision-tree Testing Strategies for Environmental Toxicity with Respect to the Requirements of the EU REACH Legislation

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Grindon ◽  
Robert Combes ◽  
Mark T.D. Cronin ◽  
David W. Roberts ◽  
John F. Garrod
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Decision Tree ◽  
Aquatic Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Animal Testing ◽  
Testing Strategies

Liverpool John Moores University and FRAME recently conducted a research project sponsored by Defra on the status of alternatives to animal testing with regard to the European Union REACH (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) system for safety testing and risk assessment of chemicals. The project covered all the main toxicity endpoints associated with the REACH system. This paper focuses on the prospects for using alternative methods (both in vitro and in silico) for environmental (aquatic) toxicity testing. The manuscript reviews tests based on fish cells and cell lines, fish embryos, lower organisms, and the many expert systems and QSARs for aquatic toxicity testing. Ways in which reduction and refinement measures can be used are also discussed, including the Upper Threshold Concentration — Step Down (UTC) approach, which has recently been retrospectively validated by ECVAM and subsequently endorsed by the ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee (ESAC). It is hoped that the application of this approach could reduce the number of fish used in acute toxicity studies by around 65–70%. Decision-tree style integrated testing strategies are also proposed for acute aquatic toxicity and chronic toxicity (including bioaccumulation), followed by a number of recommendations for the future facilitation of aquatic toxicity testing with respect to environmental risk assessment.

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