scholarly journals Comparison of Localization Free Routing Protocols in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Khalid ◽  
Awais Adnan ◽  
Zahid Ullah ◽  
Waqar Khalid ◽  
Naveed Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

scholarly journals Energy Balanced Localization-Free Cooperative Noise-Aware Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 4263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junaid Qadir ◽  
Anwar Khan ◽  
Mahdi Zareei ◽  
Cesar Vargas-Rosales
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Network Protocols ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Network Stability ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Channel Network ◽  
Single Link

Owing to the harsh and unpredictable behavior of the sea channel, network protocols that combat the undesirable and challenging properties of the channel are of critical significance. Protocols addressing such challenges exist in literature. However, these protocols consume an excessive amount of energy due to redundant packets transmission or have computational complexity by being dependent on the geographical positions of nodes. To address these challenges, this article designs two protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). The first protocol, depth and noise-aware routing (DNAR), incorporates the extent of link noise in combination with the depth of a node to decide the next information forwarding candidate. However, it sends data over a single link and is, therefore, vulnerable to the harshness of the channel. Therefore, routing in a cooperative fashion is added to it that makes another scheme called cooperative DNAR (Co-DNAR), which uses source-relay-destination triplets in information advancement. This reduces the probability of information corruption that would otherwise be sent over a single source-destination link. Simulations-backed results reveal the superior performance of the proposed schemes over some competitive schemes in consumed energy, packet advancement to destination, and network stability.

scholarly journals Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Taxonomy, Research Challenges, Routing Strategies and Future Directions

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Khan ◽  
Ihsan Ali ◽  
Abdullah Ghani ◽  
Nawsher Khan ◽  
Mohammed Alsaqer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Research Challenges

scholarly journals An Overview Survey of Recent Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Al-Salti Faiza A. ◽  
Al-Zeidi Nasser M. ◽  
Day Khaled ◽  
Arafeh Bassel ◽  
Touzene Abderezak
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Underwater Environment ◽  
Open Research ◽  
Underwater Exploration

With the recent advances in underwater sensor devices and technologies, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) enable a variety of applications such as underwater exploration and monitoring, disaster prevention, and military surveillance and reconnaissance. However, these kinds of networks faces a number of challenges induced by the nature of the underwater environment and its influence on the physical media. Therefore, new routing protocols are proposed specifically for such networks to mitigate these challenges. This paper surveys some of the recent routing protocols for UWSNs. Specifically, the idea of each protocol is presented as well as its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the presented protocols are classified into different categories. The paper is concluded with some open research issues.

scholarly journals Analysis of Security Attacks and Taxonomy in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Irfan Ahmad ◽  
Taj Rahman ◽  
Asim Zeb ◽  
Inayat Khan ◽  
Inam Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Security Attacks ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Marine Monitoring ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Underwater Environment

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) have gained more attention from researchers in recent years due to their advancement in marine monitoring, deployment of various applications, and ocean surveillance. The UWSN is an attractive field for both researchers and the industrial side. Due to the harsh underwater environment, own capabilities, and open acoustic channel, it is also vulnerable to malicious attacks and threats. Attackers can easily take advantage of these characteristics to steal the data between the source and destination. Many review articles are addressed some of the security attacks and taxonomy of the Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. In this study, we have briefly addressed the taxonomy of the UWSNs from the most recent research articles related to the well-known research databases. This paper also discussed the security threats on each layer of the Underwater Wireless sensor networks. This study will help the researchers design the routing protocols to cover the known security threats and help industries manufacture the devices to observe these threats and security issues.

scholarly journals Localization Free Energy Efficient and Cooperative Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Symmetry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Shah ◽  
Anwar Khan ◽  
Ihsan Ali ◽  
Kwang-Man Ko ◽  
Hasan Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Cooperative Routing

Mitigation of channel unfavorable circumstances during data routing in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) has utmost significance. It guarantees saving packet corruption along unfavorable channels so that vital data is not lost or become meaningless. This paper proposes two routing protocols for UWSNs: localization free energy efficient routing (LFEER) and its improved version, localization free energy efficient cooperative routing (Co-LFEER). The LFEER makes decision of choosing a relay based on its maximum residual energy, number of hops and the bit error rate of the link over which packets are transmitted. These metrics are chosen to save packets from corruption to the maximum limit and maintain stable paths (where nodes do not die soon). Since a single link is used in the LFEER for packets forwarding, the link may become worse with changing circumstances of the channel. To deal with this issue, cooperative routing is added to the LFFER to construct the Co-LFEER protocol, in which some copies of packets are received by destination to decide about packets quality. Converse to some prevalent protocols, both LFEER and Co-LFEER are independent of knowing the sensor nodes’ positions, which increases computational complexity and wasteful utilization of resources. Based on extensive simulations, the proposed schemes are better than Co-DBR in reducing energy utilization and advancing packets to the desired destination.

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