scholarly journals «On the Origin of Species»: Didactic transposition to the curriculum and Portuguese science textbooks (1859-1959)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Bento Cavadas

This research aimed to contribute to the history of the teaching of Darwinism in the Portuguese curriculum from 1859 to 1959. To this end, it was analysed the didactic transposition of the book On the Origin of Species for the standards and textbooks of Natural Sciences of secondary education. This study showed that some standards did not address Darwinism (Standards of 1856, 1872, 1880, 1886, 1926 and 1929), while others only prescribed the study of some subjects of Darwinism (Standards of 1889 and 1905). The standards of 1895 were the ones that addressed more Darwinists ideas in the 19th century. In the 20th century, the overall approach to Darwinism was related to the study of transformist ideas (Standards of 1919) or evolution (Standards of 1936 and 1954). However, even when the respective standards did not make that prescription, the major part of textbooks addressed the mechanisms of Darwinian evolution: adaptation, variability, growth correlations, heredity, natural selection, vital competition, geographic isolation and sexual selection.

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (3 (462)) ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Ireneusz Gielata

The article, referring to the texts about crowd by Le Bon and Maria Konopnicka, presents the history of the modern subject who discovers wildness surrounding him. Recognizing wildness, the authors of the end of the 19th century reached for evolutionary logic, to be precise to the parameter of biological races treating the phenomenon of “crowd” as a sign of wildness. According to this logic, crowd became a kind of “desocialized horde” (Konopnicka), social “heap”, which was subject to temporary “regress”. Modern mind was then defined by street crowd through the discourse of natural sciences falling into an impassable aporia: lower – higher.


Author(s):  
Natacha Catarina Perpétuo ◽  
Maria da Graça Campos ◽  
Paulo Renato Trincão ◽  
António Pereira Coutinho

ResumoEste trabalho pretende fazer uma breve análise da história da toxicologia e dos usos que as plantas tóxicas e os seus venenos foram tendo ao longo da história da humanidade, nomeadamente na Antiguidade. As possibilidades de utilização das plantas são praticamente ilimitadas. Assim, pode afirmar-se que a sua importância para o ser humano é inquestionável. O Homem recorre a elas desde a Pré-História, não só pelo seu valor nutricional e terapêutico, mas atribuindo-lhes, também, significados religiosos, estéticos, poéticos e morais. As práticas médicas ancestrais usavam as plantas com fins curativos, podendo considerar-se a fitoterapia como a forma de tratamento mais antiga. Esta prática manteve-se até ao final do séc. XIX/início do séc. XX, quando se isolaram as primeiras substâncias químicas bioactivas das plantas medicinais de origem (ex.: aspirina, digitalina, morfina).À semelhança das suas propriedades medicinais, também o conhecimento e uso dos venenos das plantas remonta à Antiguidade, tendo sido utilizados com diversos propósitos (ex.: caça, pesca, guerra, suicídio, homicídio).O conhecimento da história da toxicologia tem interesse no âmbito de várias disciplinas das áreas das ciências naturais e da saúde, como a medicina, a farmácia, a biologia, a bioquímica, as ciências forenses, entre outras.Palavras-chave: Envenenamentos; Plantas tóxicas; Venenos.AbstractThis work intends to make a brief analysis of the history of toxicology and the uses that toxic plants and their poisons have had throughout the history of mankind, namely in the Antiquity.The possibilities for plant use are practically unlimited. Thus, we can affirm that its importance to the human being is unquestionable. Man uses them since the Prehistory, not only for their nutritional and therapeutic value, but also attributing them religious, aesthetic, poetic and moral meanings. Ancient medical practices used plants for healing purposes, and phytotherapy may be considered as the oldest form of treatment. This practice continued until the end of the 19th century/early 20th century, when the first bioactive chemicals were isolated from the medicinal plants of origin (e.g. aspirin, digitalin, morphine). Like its medicinal properties, the knowledge and use of plant poisons can be traced back to Antiquity, and have been used for various purposes (e.g. hunting, fishing, war, suicide, homicide). Knowledge of the history of toxicology is of interest in various disciplines in the fields of natural sciences and health, such as medicine, pharmacy, biology, biochemistry, forensic sciences, among others.Keywords: Poisoning; Toxic plants; Poisons.


Author(s):  
Mari Carmen Naranjo Santana

Resumen Las biobibliografías recopilan datos personales, profesionales y académicos de una persona que, por su trayectoria profesional, ha destacado en alguna de las áreas del saber. Si hay un protagonista relevante en la historia del conocimiento en Canarias es el médico Gregorio Chil y Naranjo, figura del siglo XIX destacada por sus aportaciones en campos tan diversos como la historia, la antropología, las ciencias médicas y naturales,… y por su proyección internacional. Dada su trascendencia estas páginas recogen una revisión bibliográfica de los textos escritos por y sobre el doctor Chil, completándola con una breve descripción de su biografía en la que se aportan nuevos datos como es el caso de su relación en la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural durante ocho años. Abstract The Biobibliographies collect personal, professional and academic data from a person who, due to his professional career, has excelled in some of the areas of knowledge. If there is a relevant protagonist in the history of knowledge in the Canary Islands, it is the doctor Gregorio Chil y Naranjo, a figure of the 19th century distinguished by his contributions in fields as diverse as history, anthropology, medical and natural sciences, ... and by his projection international. Given its importance, these pages include a bibliographic review of the texts written by and about Dr. Chil, completing in which new data is provided, as is the case of his relationship with the Spanish Society of Natural History for eight years.


Author(s):  
Pedro J. Sandoval Cortés

Resumen Hacemos un repaso histórico de los 165 años de existencia de la Colección de Zoología de la Universidad de Granada, desde aquella que formó parte del Gabinete de Historia Natural hasta la actual Colección Histórico-Didáctica. Destacamos los acontecimientos sociales más relevantes que han influido en la transformación de este conjunto patrimonial a lo largo del último siglo y medio. Fruto de un floreciente interés por las ciencias naturales a mediados del siglo XIX y con la definitiva influencia del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid personalizada en la figura de su director Mariano de la Paz Graells, nacen la mayoría de los gabinetes de historia natural de los centros docentes españoles, los cuales se irían adaptando a los cambios en las universidades y en la propia sociedad. Desgraciadamente esta época dorada de interés por la exploración y las ciencias naturales va decreciendo alcanzando su punto más bajo con la guerra civil española y la consiguiente postguerra, quedando en el olvido y perdiéndose muchas de las colecciones históricas. Actualmente la promoción del estudio y uso didáctico de estas colecciones hace que en la medida de lo posible se esté recuperando parte de la riqueza que en otros tiempos tuvieron. Abstract We review 165 years of history of the Zoology Collection at the University of Granada, from the Cabinet of Natural History to the Department’s current Historical-Didactic Collection. We highlight the most significant events that have had an impact on its heritage’s transformation over the last century and a half. Most cabinets of Natural History established in Spanish educational centres were the result of burgeoning interest in natural science in the middle of the 19th century. The National Museum of Natural Sciences in Madrid, under the guidance of its Director, Mariano de la Paz Graells, wielded enormous influence on those cabinets, which continually adapted to change at Universities and in society in general. Unfortunately, the golden age of exploration and natural sciences steadily eroded, reaching its lowest point during the Spanish Civil War and in the postwar period. Many historical collections were neglected and lost forever. The current drive for the study and didactic use of these collections will allow us to restore partly their extraordinary wealth.


2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-268
Author(s):  
R. J. CLEEVELY

A note dealing with the history of the Hawkins Papers, including the material relating to John Hawkins (1761–1841) presented to the West Sussex Record Office in the 1960s, recently transferred to the Cornwall County Record Office, Truro, in order to be consolidated with the major part of the Hawkins archive held there. Reference lists to the correspondence of Sibthorp-Hawkins, Hawkins-Sibthorp, and Hawkins to his mother mentioned in The Flora Graeca story (Lack, 1999) are provided.


2019 ◽  
Vol 188 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-146
Author(s):  
Martin Bohatý ◽  
Dalibor Velebil

Adalbert Wraný (*1836, †1902) was a doctor of medicine, with his primary specialization in pediatric pathology, and was also one of the founders of microscopic and chemical diagnostics. He was interested in natural sciences, chemistry, botany, paleontology and above all mineralogy. He wrote two books, one on the development of mineralogical research in Bohemia (1896), and the other on the history of industrial chemistry in Bohemia (1902). Wraný also assembled several natural science collections. During his lifetime, he gave to the National Museum large collections of rocks, a collection of cut precious stones and his library. He donated a collection of fossils to the Geological Institute of the Czech University (now Charles University). He was an inspector of the mineralogical collection of the National Museum. After his death, he bequeathed to the National Museum his collection of minerals and the rest of the gemstone collection. He donated paintings to the Prague City Museum, and other property to the Klar Institute of the Blind in Prague. The National Museum’s collection currently contains 4 325 samples of minerals, as well as 21 meteorites and several hundred cut precious stones from Wraný’s collection.


Author(s):  
Margarita Y. Dvorkina

The article is devoted to the memory of Lyudmila Mikhailovna Koval (October 17, 1933 – February 15, 2020), historian, Head of the History sector of the Russian State Library (RSL) and the Museum of Library history. The author presents brief biographical information about L.M. Koval, the author of more than 350 scientific and popular scientific works in Russian and in 9 foreign languages. She published 29 books in Publishing houses “Nauka”, “Kniga”, “Letniy Sad”, ”Pashkov Dom”, most of the works are dedicated to the Library. Special place in the work of L.M. Koval is given to the Great Patriotic War theme. The article considers the works devoted to the activities of Library staff during the War period. L.M. Koval paid much attention to the study of activities of the Library’s Directors. She prepared books and articles about the Directors of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums and Library from the end of the 19th century and almost to the end of the 20th century: N.V. Isakov, D.S. Levshin, V.A. Dashkov, M.A. Venevitinov, I.V. Tsvetaev, V.D. Golitsyn, A.K. Vinogradov, V.I. Nevsky, N.M. Sikorsky. The author notes contribution of L.M. Koval to the study of the Library’s history. Specialists in the history of librarianship widely use bibliography of L.M. Koval in their research. The list of sources contains the main works of L.M. Koval, and the Appendix includes reviews of publications by L.M. Koval and the works about her.


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