scholarly journals Understanding the linkages between racial/ethnic discipline gaps and racial/ethnic achievement gaps in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Maithreyi Gopalan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Achievement Gaps ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Education Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Racial Achievement ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This study estimates racial/ethnic discipline gaps, using multiple measures of school discipline outcomes, in nearly all school districts in the United States with data collected by the Office of Civil Rights between 2013 and 2014. Just like racial/ethnic achievement gaps, discipline gaps also vary substantially, ranging from negative to greater than two standard deviations, across districts. However, unlike the correlates of racial achievement gaps, the extensive set of district-level characteristics available in the Stanford Education Data Archive (SEDA) including economic, demographic, segregation, and school characteristics, explain roughly just one-fifth of the geographic variation in Black-white discipline gaps and one-third of the variation in Hispanic-white discipline gaps. This study also finds a modest, statistically significant, positive association between discipline gaps and achievement gaps, even after extensive covariate adjustment. The results of this analysis provide an important step forward in determining the relationship between two forms of persistent inequality that have long plagued the U.S. education system. 

scholarly journals Are Achievement Gaps Related to Discipline Gaps? Evidence From National Data

AERA Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 233285841987544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis A. Pearman ◽  
F. Chris Curran ◽  
Benjamin Fisher ◽  
Joseph Gardella
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Gap ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
National Level ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Achievement Gaps ◽  
Discipline Gap ◽  
Racial Achievement ◽  
Hispanic White

There is growing interest in the relation between the racial achievement gap and the racial discipline gap. However, few studies have examined this relation at the national level. This study combines data from the Stanford Education Data Archive and the Civil Rights Data Collection and employs a district fixed effects analysis to examine whether and the extent to which racial discipline gaps are related to racial achievement gaps in Grades 3 through 8 in districts across the United States. In bivariate models, we find evidence that districts with larger racial discipline gaps have larger racial achievement gaps (and vice versa). Though other district-level differences account for the positive association between the Hispanic-White discipline gap and the Hispanic-White achievement gap, we find robust evidence that the positive association between the Black-White discipline gap and the Black-White achievement gap persists after controlling for a multitude of confounding factors. We also find evidence that the mechanisms connecting achievement to disciplinary outcomes are more salient for Black than White students.

Religion, Race, and Sports

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Scholes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Baseball Player ◽  
Sports History ◽  
Jim Crow Era ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
African American Race

Race, religion, and sports may seem like odd bedfellows, but, in fact, all three have been interacting with each other since the emergence of modern sports in the United States over a century ago. It was the sport of boxing that saw a black man become a champion at the height of the Jim Crow era and a baseball player who broke the color barrier two decades before the civil rights movement began. In this chapter, the role that religion has played in these and other instances where race (the African American race in particular) and sports have collided will be examined for its impact on the relationship between race and sports. The association of race, religion, and sports is not accidental. The chapter demonstrates that all three are co-constitutive of and dependent on each other for their meaning at these chosen junctures in American sports history.

Foreign Aid and United Nations Votes: A Comparative Study

1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 868-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene R. Wittkopf
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Development Assistance Committee ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines in a comparative foreign policy framework the relationship between bilateral foreign aid allocations and pairwise voting agreements between developed and developing nations in the UN General Assembly. The foreign aid donors considered include the United States, the Soviet “bloc,” and the twelve other UN members of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee. Two different measures of aid allocations in two three-year periods (1962–1964 and 1965–1967) are correlated with two different measures of the percentage of agreements in the UN between each aid donor and its aid recipients, with both indices calculated on the basis of all roll calls taken in the 1963 and 1966 General Assemblies.In general, the results of the analysis were found to be consistent with the hypothesized positive association between aid and votes only in the case of the United States. For many of the remaining donors the association was found to be negative rather than positive, suggesting either that enemies are rewarded more than friends, or, alternatively, that there is little relationship of substantive interest between aid and votes for most donor countries. Even in the case of the U.S., however, which of the two variables should be considered a cause and which a consequence remains unresolved.

scholarly journals Differences in Obesity Among Men of Diverse Racial and Ethnic Background

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 984-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Hill ◽  
Caryn Bell ◽  
Janice V. Bowie ◽  
Elizabeth Kelley ◽  
Debra Furr-Holden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Hispanic Men ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Racial/ethnic disparities exist in obesity prevalence among men, with Hispanic men exhibiting the highest prevalence compared with non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black men. Most studies do not parse out Hispanic groups; therefore, it is unclear whether the increases in obesity rates among Hispanic men applies to all groups or if there are particular groups of Hispanic men that are driving the increase. The goal of this study is to examine the variations in obesity among men of diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds and determine if obesity is affected by nativity. The data used in this study were from 11 years (2002-2012) of the National Health Interview Survey. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between race/ethnicity, obesity, and nativity. After adjusting for covariates, there are differences in obesity prevalence, with the largest prevalence among Puerto Rican men and Mexican American men. Consistent with previous literature, it has been suggested that men born in the United States are more likely to be obese than men born outside the United States. This study underscores the importance of distinguishing Hispanic groups when examining obesity, and provides information for future, targeted intervention strategies related to obesity among high-risk groups.

scholarly journals RELIGIOSITY AND POLITICAL TOLERANCE: REASSESING THE RELATIONSHIP

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-125
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Tolerance ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Recent National Survey

Political tolerance ­­­–– the willingness to afford basic civil rights to individuals or groups that one finds disagreeable –– is fundamental to liberal democracy. For several decades, political scientists believed that widespread religious adherence in the United States threatened political tolerance. Recent research casts doubt on the direct relationship between religiosity and political tolerance. However, this research is based on decades-old data or a sample collected from a single county. My study tests the relationship between religiosity and political tolerance using more recent national survey data. It confirms that, although religiosity is related to dogmatism, no direct relationship exists between religiosity and political tolerance.

scholarly journals Workplace Harassment and Risk of Depression Among Adults in the United States

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livingstone Aduse-Poku ◽  
Shayester Jahanfar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Workplace Harassment ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Status Data ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of the study is to perform an analysis of the relationship between workplace harassment and risk depression among adults in the United States.MethodsAcross-sectional study of 33772 adults was done using the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) sample adult data in the USA. The variables collected included depression, harassment, age, race, sex, and marital status. Data was analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for windows, version 25.0.ResultsResults showed a possible relationship between workplace harassment and depression among adults. Adults who were harassed were 0.39 times more likely to be depressed than those who were not harassed (95%CI: 0.45-0.81), after adjusting for sex, age, race, marital status, pay, and number of years on the job, the odd was almost the same [AOR (95%CI):0.55(0.40-0.77)].ConclusionThe findings of the study show that there is a positive association between workplace harassment and depression.

scholarly journals R-E-S-P-E-C-T: The Relationship Between Being Respected and Quality of Life of Disabled People

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carli Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

The United Nations exclaims "all human beings have the right to be treated with dignity and respect" (Annan, 2005, p. 34). Yet, disabled people have long been denied respect in the United States and have been subjected to disability oppression and ableism. For these reasons, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between respect and disability, particularly respect's impact on the quality of life of disabled people. We had two research questions: (1.) what factors predict disabled people being respected? and, (2.) how does being respected impact the quality of life of disabled people? To explore these questions, we used secondary Personal Outcome Measures® data from approximately 1,500 disabled people; we analyzed this data to examine relationships between disabled people's interpretations of feeling and being respected, and their quality of life. Our findings revealed being respected had a significant impact on every area of ones' quality of life. Problematically, this also included areas which should be considered non-negotiable fundamental human and civil rights, that should not depend on if, and how, people respect disabled people. While the attitudes underlying the disrespect of disabled people are harmful and problematic, human and civil rights should be inalienable – ones' access to exercise their rights, to safety, to health, and to many other domains should not depend on others' attitudes about, and treatment toward, you.

scholarly journals Risk relevance and volatility of other comprehensive income in the banking sector: Evidence from European countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Lucchese ◽  
Ferdinando Di Carlo ◽  
Alberto Incollingo
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Stock Return Volatility ◽  
Comprehensive Income ◽  
Other Comprehensive Income ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the risk measures and the volatility of total comprehensive income (TCI), other comprehensive income (OCI), and single OCI components in the European context. Previous studies only cover reporting jurisdictions such as the United States and Canada but never the EU. Based on these premises, this research uses a sample of 166 listed banks, selected from 15 European countries. The results show that there is a significant positive association between the stock return volatility and the volatility of TCI, of OCI, and some of the single OCI components. This study contributes to the international debate on the risk relevance of TCI and its components, observing, in addition to previous research, the association not only between the risk measures and the volatility of TCI and OCI but also between the risk measures and the volatility of single OCI components.

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