scholarly journals Of Broken Seals and Broken Promises: Attributing Intention at the IAEA

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Weichselbraun
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Nuclear Safeguards ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
International Crisis ◽  
Negotiated Agreements ◽  
Binary Signal ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

In the world of global politics, talk is cheap. States sign negotiated agreements, but a treaty without an enforcement mechanism is considered weak, because states are not expected to adhere to commitments whose materiality is merely that of ink and paper. To verify the terms of state commitments to the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, which entered into force in 1970, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) nuclear safeguards inspectors place tamper-evident seals in nuclear facilities. While seals appear to work simply as a binary signal, their meanings are multivalent. This article draws on fieldwork at the IAEA, and on broken seals in Iran between 2004 and 2006 that escalated into an international crisis, to examine the relationship between the material properties of the seal and its signifying potentialities. Bringing the perspective of semiotic ontology to the question of materiality, this essay argues that seals constitute a semiotic infrastructure of nuclear governance that materializes international law.

China and World Order

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
The World ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Multilateral Diplomacy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Broad Policy ◽  
Half Decade

This paper makes a macro-inquiry into Chinese global politics by defining and elaborating the Chinese image and strategy of world order within a normative framework. Empirical data and behavioral referents in the paper are largely drawn from Chinese multilateral diplomacy in the global community during the first half-decade (1971–1976) of Chinese participation in UN. Such a normative-globalist paradigm has a heuristic value in interpreting more broadly China's global policy and its impact on the evolving process of creating a more just and humane world order. The paper argues that the interactions between China and the world organization have, on the whole, been positive and that the relationship between the two has been one of mutual adjustment and mutual legitimization, with the resulting enhancement of each other's symbolic capability. By way of conclusion, the paper draws, in a tentative and speculative manner, some broad policy implications of the post-Mao leadership.

Stages of the formation of the Islamic concept of international law in the medieval and modern time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Okladnaya ◽  
Olena Hurenko
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The World ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Middle Ages

Problem setting. Islamic international law is a set of Islamic norms and customs that govern the relationship of Muslim States and Muslims with non-Muslim States, as well as with Muslim individuals within and outside the world of Islam. Islam has come a long and difficult way from the emergence of religion in modern ideology. It is considered one of the leading religions of the world and has a significant influence on a large number of people and states, so it is advisable to study one of the outstanding stages of the formation of the Islamic system in the field of international law, namely the Middle Ages and find out its connection with modernity. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The Islamic science of international law is in the process of development, during which its representatives try to combine the traditional values of Islam with the basic principles of modern international law. Among the scientists who made a significant contribution to the study of the Islamic concept of international law, its historical development and the modern situation, one can distinguish such as A. Butkevich, L. Sukiyainen, Al-Shaybani, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan, V. Knapp, M. Sana, Sardar Ali S., Hilmli M. Zavati, A. Merezhko, B. Feldman and others. Target of research. Study of the Islamic concept of international law, analysis and comparison of content, significance of Islamic international law in the Middle Ages and modern times. Article’s main body. The article is devoted to the main stages of the formation of one of the most important systems of international law – Islamic, which is a collection of unique traditional values, legal norms and customs of Islam. The stages of development in the Middle Ages and the connection with modernity were investigated, the main features in the Middle Ages were determined. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Islamic international law is a set of Islamic norms and customs that govern the relationship of Muslim States and Muslims with non-Muslim States, as well as with Muslim individuals within and outside the world of Islam. Islam has come a long and difficult way from the emergence of religion in modern ideology. It is considered one of the leading religions of the world and has a significant influence on a large number of people and states, so it is advisable to study one of the outstanding stages of the formation of the Islamic system in the field of international law, namely the Middle Ages and find out its connection with modernity.

Islam and international law

2005 ◽  
Vol 87 (858) ◽  
pp. 269-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheikh Wahbeh al-Zuhili
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article by an Islamic scholar describes the principles governing international law and international relations from an Islamic viewpoint. After presenting the rules and principles governing international relations in the Islamic system, the author emphasizes the principles of sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of other States and the aspiration of Islam to peace and harmony. He goes on to explain the relationship between Muslims and others in peacetime or in the event of war and the classical jurisprudential division of the world into the abode of Islam (dar al-islam) and that of war (dar al-harb). Lastly he outlines the restrictions imposed upon warfare by Islamic Shari'a law which have attained the status of legal rules.

Research Concept of Decommissioning Knowledge Management for the Fugen NPP

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyoshi Taruta ◽  
Satoshi Yanagihara ◽  
Yukihiro Iguchi ◽  
Koichi Kitamura ◽  
Masashi Tezuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Semantic Web ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Good Method ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
Research Concept ◽  
Construction Operation

In 2002, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) mentioned the strengthening of nuclear knowledge, technology and application. This background has that there are aging of nuclear facility and nuclear power plant staffs. In addition, it would be difficult to succession a nuclear knowledge, technology, and skills. For example, undergraduate departments of nuclear energy and science are decreasing. The IAEA discussing those situations and pointed out the importance of a nuclear knowledge management. The nuclear knowledge management (NKM) is developing a database science as management on nuclear knowledge and information. In recent years, the IAEA has also advanced knowledge taxonomies on nuclear accidents as one of a nuclear knowledge management. In Japan, this achievements of nuclear knowledge taxonomy was using in the organization of information on accidents in Fukushima. A few studies are attempts to appropriately arrange and utilize huge amounts of information. Even in nuclear facilities in Japan, it is pointed out a veteran or expert staff retirement and loss of knowledge and skill caused by this retirement. This problem is common issue in the world. Then, we created a prototype database system to utilize past documentation of knowledge and information. The database made from semantic web technology. The semantic web is a method of preparing a frame of categorized knowledge and linking information related to it. The target is a nuclear reactor of ATR Fugen that is decommissioning from 2008. Until now, cases of decommissioning completion are 17 cases in the world. One case of JPDR in Japan. It is not enough to understand a good method of decommissioning. In general, the decommissioning project requires many information related to dismantling and decontamination. Particular, past information is important to know a past contamination situation and so on. This study focus on an access method for past data and information. However, we need to pay attention to other side of decommissioning project. Because of history of operating reactor has different tasks that are design, construction, operation and decommissioning. It is not appropriate to use the collected information as it is. For that reason, we will continue our research on the points pointed out above.

scholarly journals Fulfilling of nuclear safeguards requirements for nuclear facilities at the nuclear materials authority and its role in completing the nuclear infrastructure in Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4(61)) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Osama Mostafa Atout
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Nuclear Safeguards ◽  
Nuclear Materials ◽  
Nuclear Facilities ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Nuclear Program ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
The Future ◽  
Specialized Unit

The object of research is applying the requirements of nuclear safeguards to the processing and mining facilities through which the Nuclear Materials Authority (NMA). One of the most problematic places is the NMA carries out its related nuclear activities as the body responsible for managing and operating those facilities, which must have a prominent role in imposing physical protection on these materials to protect them. During use, storage, or internal transportation, NMA should take all security and legal measures and precautions to prevent Nuclear materials from any seizure and its recovery in the event of any seizure. In the course of the research it is shown that the implementation of these requirements requires obtaining the necessary license to practice these activities, and that these activities are subject to the control of the Nuclear and Radiation Control Authority, by establishing a system for the safety and security of this nuclear equipment and materials. So that the system covers all equipment, tools, tasks, supplies, equipment, and materials present in any of the Authority’s projects and sectors Scientific. As a result of the research we have reached the importance of applying nuclear safeguards to nuclear facilities in completing the nuclear infrastructure in Egypt and completing the construction of the Egyptian peaceful nuclear program considering international standards issued by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In the future, the proposed approach is In the future, the proposed approach is to establish a general framework for the application of nuclear safeguards procedures to the processing and mining facilities of the NMA. These safeguards are applied as a basis for completing the nuclear legislative infrastructure, the safety of Nuclear Facilities and fulfilling the requirements of IAEA. This is done by establishing a specialized unit that includes many engineers, geologists and chemists to collect all engineering and technological data, information, designs, and drawings for all nuclear and radiological facilities, activities, and practices existing at the authority under the safety standards written about equipment, tools, devices, supplies, and tasks.

Sources of International Law in Domestic Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid B. Wuerth
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Administrative State ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Domestic Law

This chapter takes a new approach to the much-analysed relationship between domestic and international law. It considers how global changes in domestic constitutional structures have changed the sources of international law. It argues that domestic constitutional structures have changed in similar ways in many countries around the world over the past century. Treaties, custom, and ‘soft law’ as sources of international law have each been shaped by these changes, particularly the rise in legislative power for treaties, the rise in legislative and judicial power for custom and general principles, and the rise of the administrative state for soft law. This chapter also considers how the content of each source of international law is influenced by domestic constitutional structures. It concludes with some normative perspectives on the relationship between each source of international law and changes in domestic constitutional structures.

scholarly journals Tindak Pidana Penyelundupan Manusia Dengan Modus Operandi Memperkerjakan PMI Ke Luar Negeri Ditinjau Dari UNCATOC Dan Hukum Internasional

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 1050
Author(s):  
Dikky Firsthio Damas ◽  
Fabian Bagaskara Sugianto ◽  
Randy Asmoro Dwi Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
The World ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The Relationship

People smuggling affects all regions of the world. Every year, thousands of immigrants and refugees try to leave their home countries and seek a better life in their destination countries. The purpose of this paper is to find out how the criminal act of people smuggling with the modus operandi of employing PMIs abroad in terms of UNCATOC and international law and what is the relationship between the crime of human smuggling and international migration if it is associated with international law. It can be concluded that the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime has a Protocol that is intended to combat smuggling by preventing, investigating and prosecuting violations, and by promoting international cooperation among States Parties to protect the human rights and other interests of smuggle.

Part II Predominant Security Challenges and International Law, International Security, Ch.14 Armed Conflicts, International Law, and Global Security

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kellenberger Jakob
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Security ◽  
World Order ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Global Security ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter addresses the relationship between armed conflicts, international law, and global security. While today protracted non-international armed conflicts are the prevalent type of armed conflict, international armed conflicts seem likely to again become a major threat to global security in the future. This hypothesis is based, amongst other factors, on recent military confrontations involving a number of States in Syria, the Russian involvement in Crimea, US tensions with Iran and North Korea, and broader regional tensions in the South China Sea. The chapter provides an overview of the interrelation between armed conflicts and other threats to global security before looking at armed conflicts currently raging in various geographical regions of the world. It then considers the adequacy and effectiveness of the existing international regulatory framework governing armed conflicts in light of the broader challenges facing the contemporary world order.

scholarly journals The UN Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People - The International and Constitutional Law Contexts

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Quentin-Baxter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
International Law ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Society ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Relationship

This article is an edited version of one of the six papers presented to the International Law Association/International Commission of Jurists seminar on the UN Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples which was held in Wellington on 23 August 1997. The author discusses the New Zealand Government policy towards the Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. She first identifies key issues of international law, explores the relationship between the Draft Declaration and the Treaty of Waitangi, and looks at some implications of both for the New Zealand legal system and our national society. In doing so, the author focuses on the political rights of indigenous peoples – particularly the principles underlying those rights, not the way they are expressed in the text. The author concludes that most, if not all, the significant changes in the international community and in the lives of nations have been brought about by acts of good faith. Accordingly, it is the author's belief that the end product is likely to be the strengthening of the national societies to which the indigenous peoples of the world belong. 

International Law in National Legal Systems: An Empirical Investigation

2015 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Hugues Verdier ◽  
Mila Versteeg
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
State Practice ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Domestic Law ◽  
Over Time

International legal scholars have long recognized the importance of the rules and processes by which states adhere to international legal obligations and “translate” them into their domestic legal systems. Research by political scientists on specific issue areas likewise increasingly recognizes that domestic implementation is crucial to international law compliance and effectiveness. Yet the lack of systematic data makes it difficult to assemble an overall picture of the relationship between international law and domestic law around the world, let alone to document its evolution over time. Recent qualitative surveys of state practice have begun to fill that gap, but provide only a snapshot in time and are limited to relatively few countries. Some quantitative projects cover more countries, but address only a limited number of questions based solely on the text of national constitutions.

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