USE OF THE HOLE DRILLING METHOD TO DETERMINE RESIDUAL WELD STRESSES IN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evy Van Puymbroeck ◽  
Wim Nagy ◽  
Hans De Backer
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Weld Region ◽  
Longitudinal Stiffener ◽  
Deck Plate ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

Complex welding operations in orthotropic steel bridge decks introduce residual stresses near the weld region. To estimate fatigue failure of this type of bridge deck, tensile residual yield stresses are usually assumed around the weld region. However, to estimate the residual stress distribution near a weld connection more precisely, a test setup is developed. The weld connection of a closed longitudinal trapezoidal stiffener with the deck plate of an orthotropic bridge deck is investigated. The incremental hole-drilling technique is used to measure the residual stresses with strain gauge rosettes. Strain gauge rosettes are positioned on the deck plate and on a longitudinal stiffener of the orthotropic steel deck. A small hole is drilled through the center of the strain gauge rosettes and strains are measured at incremental depths. The residual stresses are calculated and based on these experimental measurements a distribution of the residual stresses is obtained. Compressive residual stresses exist near the longitudinal stiffener-to-deck plate weld. On the deck plate, the compressive residual stresses are equal to 60% of the yield strength while the compressive residual stresses on the stiffener are 42% of the yield strength. There are tensile residual stresses on both sides of the weld region. However, more research is necessary to confirm this distribution since it is contradictory to expected stresses in literature.

DETERMINING RESIDUAL STRESSES IN WELDED CONNECTIONS OF ORTHOTROPIC STEEL BRIDGE DECKS WITH A HOLE-DRILLING TECHNIQUE

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Nagy ◽  
Philippe Van Bogaert ◽  
Hans De Backer
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Bridge Decks ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Test Setup ◽  
Deck Plate ◽  
Drilling Technique

Manufacturing processes such as welding operations cause residual stresses that are present in most civil structures. They cause plastic deformations without any external loads and are therefore often overlooked during design. Nevertheless, residual stresses can have profound influences on material strength and fatigue life. This is also true for orthotropic steel bridge decks, which have many complex welding details. Because little is known about the distribution of residual stresses due to welding, a semi-destructive experimental test setup is developed for a stiffener-to-deck plate connection on an orthotropic steel bridge deck. In particular, the hole-drilling technique is used. With this experimental test setup, a clear distribution of the residuals stresses becomes visible. Residual stresses up to the yield strength can be found near the weld and up to 50% of the yield strength elsewhere. However, more research is needed to verify why the sign of the stresses is opposite to the expected stresses in the literature.

Measurement of Residual Stresses in the Cold-Rolled Fe-Ni-Mn/Invar Thermo-Bimetallic Plate

2013 ◽  
Vol 768-769 ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Harri Lille ◽  
Jakub Kõo ◽  
Jaak Valgur ◽  
Alexander Ryabchikov ◽  
Renno Reitsnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Electrochemical Etching ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Drilling Technique ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Bimetallic Plate ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

The paper presents a method for measuring residual stresses in normal thermo-bimetal Fe-Ni-Mn/Invar strips with a thickness of 0.76 mm. For this purpose, a setup was designed which permits to remove layers from a strip substrate by electrochemical etching. Residual stresses in the directions that are longitudinal and transversal to rolling are determined by the curvature method based on the layer growing/removing techniques. As a reference, residual stresses were also determined by hole-drilling technique. Tensile and compressive residual stresses arose both in active and in passive layers and were considerably higher when determined by the hole-drilling technique.

Abrasive Waterjet Peening With Elastic Prestress: Subsurface Residual Stress Distribution

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balaji Sadasivam ◽  
Alpay Hizal ◽  
Dwayne Arola
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Stress Field ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Residual Stress Distribution ◽  
Abrasive Waterjet ◽  
Residual Stress Field ◽  
Surface Residual Stress ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

Recent advances in abrasive waterjet (AWJ) technology have resulted in new processes for surface treatment that are capable of introducing compressive residual stresses with simultaneous changes in the surface texture. While the surface residual stress resulting from AWJ peening has been examined, the subsurface residual stress field resulting from this process has not been evaluated. In the present investigation, the subsurface residual stress distribution resulting from AWJ peening of Ti6Al4V and ASTM A228 steel were studied. Treatments were conducted with the targets subjected to an elastic prestress ranging from 0 to 75% of the substrate yield strength. The surface residual stress ranged from 680 to 1487 MPa for Ti6Al4V and 720 to 1554 MPa for ASTM A228 steel; the depth ranged from 265 to 370 μm for Ti6Al4V and 550 to 680 μm for ASTM A228 steel. Results showed that elastic prestress may be used to increase the surface residual stress in AWJ peened components by up to 100%.

scholarly journals Effect of Residual Stress on the Mechanical Properties of FSW Joints with SUS409L

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeong-Seok Lim ◽  
Sang-Hyuk Kim ◽  
Kwang-Jin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Stir Zone ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Friction Stir ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

This study was performed to investigate both the residual stress distribution and the effect of the residual stress formed at the welding region on the mechanical properties of the friction stir welded joints with 409L stainless steel sheets. Residual stress measurement with hole-drilling method; mechanical property evaluation including tensile test, Charpy impact test, and fatigue test; and microstructure observation were conducted. It has got no residual stresses to speak of at the center region of the stir zone because the stored stresses are released in the process of the dynamic recrystallization, while a small quantity of compressive residual stresses is formed at the surface region of the stir zone because of strong compression reaction by the tool shoulder. A considerable amount of compressive residual stresses is formed at the thermomechanical affected zone because of the synergy between the thermal expansion due to the heat conduction from the stir zone and mechanical compression by the tool. The formation of residual stresses shows a similar tendency between the advancing side and the retreating side. Both the mitigation of residual stress in the stir zone and the formation of compressive residual stress in the thermomechanical affected zone contribute to the improvement of the mechanical properties of the friction stir welded joints.

Prediction and Measurement of Residual Stresses Arising From Quenching of Stainless Steels

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hossain ◽  
C. E. Truman ◽  
D. J. Smith ◽  
M. R. Daymond
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
The Core ◽  
Residual Stress State ◽  
Surface Residual Stresses ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses ◽  
Good Agreement

This paper presents results from an experimental and numerical study examining the creation of highly triaxial residual stresses in stainless steel. This was motivated by a need to model and understand creep in aged power plant. The residual stresses were introduced by rapid spray water quenching of heated solid stainless steel spheres and cylinders. Finite element (FE) simulations predicted high compressive residual stresses around the surface of the specimens and tensile residual stresses near the centre. Surface residual stresses were measured using the incremental centre-hole drilling (ICHD) technique. Neutron diffraction (ND) was used to measure the interior residual stresses. The measurements were in good agreement with FE predictions. The ND measurements confirmed that a highly triaxial residual stress state existed in the core of the specimens.

Determination of Compressive Residual Stresses Using Critically Refracted Longitudinal (Lcr) Waves

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid Belahcene ◽  
Jian Lu ◽  
Fabien Thomas ◽  
Xiaolai Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Steel Sample ◽  
Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Ultrasonic Technique ◽  
Shallow Subsurface ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

Surface treatment methods are widely used in the aerospace industry to increase the metal parts damage tolerance by producing a thin surface layer of compressive residual stresses that prevents crack initiation and retards crack growth during service. Nondestructive evaluation of the prevailing compressive residual stresses in the shallow subsurface layer is realized by the ultrasonic technique. The method is based on the measurement of ultrasonic wave velocity variation versus the stress state variation. The application of the Lcr technique (using longitudinal critically refracted wave) has been performed on the SMAT (surface mechanical attrition treatment) steel sample, for which the residual stresses are determined in different zones and depths. The results show that the ultrasonic technique is rather efficient for the evaluation of residual stresses and control of the state of the material after mechanical treatment. The experimental results are successfully compared with the hole drilling method.

Local Stress-Ratio Criterion for Incremental Hole-Drilling Measurements of Shot-Peening Stresses

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Nobre ◽  
A. M. Dias ◽  
J. Gibmeier ◽  
M. Kornmeier
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Shot Peening ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Ratio Criterion ◽  
Incremental Hole Drilling ◽  
Hardened Surface

A criterion to evaluate the influence of the so-called plasticity effect on the final outcome of the incremental hole-drilling technique (IHD), for measuring residual stresses induced by mechanical surface treatments, is proposed here. In practice, it is currently accepted that residual stresses can be accurately determined by IHD if the residual stress level does not exceed about 60% of the material’s yield strength. However, this criterion is not appropriate when IHD is used to measure residual stresses in work-hardened surface layers, since the yield strength of these layers is very difficult to determine. The proposed criterion takes into account the strain-hardening effect and the local yield strength of work-hardened surface layers, using the concept of normalized hardness variation. The criterion was validated experimentally and numerically for shot-peening residual stress measurements.

scholarly journals Welding-induced Residual Stresses in U-Ribs of a Steel Bridge Deck

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huili Wang ◽  
Sifeng Qin ◽  
Ben Wang ◽  
Shaobo Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Body Force ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Heat Generation Rate ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Deck Plate ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Steel Deck

To calculate the welding-induced residual stresses in U-ribs of the steel deck plate and conduct quantitative analysis of influential factors, the U-ribs of steel deck plate of Xinghai Bay Bridge was taken as the research object. In the ABAQUS finite element software, the local models of U-ribs of steel deck plate were established. Nodal body force loads, i.e., heat generation rate, of the double ellipsoidal heat source models were applied via the compiled subsidiary Dflux program. The welding process of the v-groove welds was simulated, to obtain the residual stresses distribution in the top plate and U-rib plates. The influence of thickness of top plate and angle of welding groove on the residual stresses in the U-ribs were studied. The results show that the welding-induced residual stresses calculated by the numerical method proposed in this paper agree well with the experimental data. The maximum residual stresses in the top plates and the U-rib plates all occur near the welds, which exceeds the yielding limitation of the material. As the thickness of top plate increases, the maximum values of residual stresses in the top plates and U-ribs increase. However, with the increase of groove angle, the maximum values of residual stresses in the top plates and U-rib plates decrease.

Proactive maintenance method for fatigue cracks to steel bridge deck without traffic disruption

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Nakata ◽  
Yukio Adachi
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Fatigue Resistance ◽  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Fatigue Cracks ◽  
New Method ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Deck Plate ◽  
Steel Deck ◽  
Proactive Maintenance

<p>Fatigue damage is a major topic in bridge maintenance. The fatigue damage to steel bridge deck has been dramatically increasing since the first fatigue damage was observed in Hanshin expressway in early 2000s. Insufficient knowledge of bridge fatigue design and unexpected increase of traffic demand and heavy vehicle could be the cause of the fatigue damage.</p><p>Replacement of base pavement course to steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) has been generally used for strengthening of steel decks; however, the countermeasure from the topside of the bridge deck could make serious traffic disruption. Therefore, reactive and proactive maintenance for such steel decks has not been well progressed so far.</p><p>According to the background above, Hanshin expressway has been making an effort on developing new method by strengthening steel deck from the bottom side. The idea of the new method is to enhance fatigue resistance by improving the weld joint between deck plate and U-rib plate. Three potential methods were identified and the effectiveness of those methods was studied in field for making sure of not only fatigue resistance improvement but also field construction.</p><p>This paper will introduce the new retrofit methods for steel deck and describe the effectiveness of those methods.</p>

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