scholarly journals Interaction of Radiofrequency Radiation with Biological Systems A Comprehensive Update on Recent Challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saurabh Verma ◽  
Asheesh Gupta ◽  
Bhuvnesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Biological Effect ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Energy Interaction

Rapid advancement of radiofrequency (RF)-driven technologies has greatly affected our everyday lives. Increasing evidence led by in-vitro, in-vivo studies, epidemiological and clinical trials indicates that RF interacts considerably well with biological systems in various ways depending on different exposure parameters and properties of biological materials. Besides their innumerable benefits in different sectors of commercial and military fields, they can induce alterations in many physiological functions of the body, which may culminate into adverse human health consequences. The present article explicitly addresses the RF-based technologies and their applications, fundamentals of RF energy interaction with biological systems, exposure parameters, and dosimetry studies along with thermal and non-thermal effects on different vital organs at molecular and cellular levels. Further, this article outlines the limitations of RF-induced biological effect studies, status of risk assessment, safety levels and its future perspectives.

Nanocurcumin: A Double-Edged Sword for Microcancers

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (45) ◽  
pp. 5783-5792
Author(s):  
Kholood Abid Janjua ◽  
Adeeb Shehzad ◽  
Raheem Shahzad ◽  
Salman Ul Islam ◽  
Mazhar Ul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Anticancer Activities ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Anticancer Effects

There is compelling evidence that drug molecules isolated from natural sources are hindered by low systemic bioavailability, poor absorption, and rapid elimination from the human body. Novel approaches are urgently needed that could enhance the retention time as well as the efficacy of natural products in the body. Among the various adopted approaches to meet this ever-increasing demand, nanoformulations show the most fascinating way of improving the bioavailability of dietary phytochemicals through modifying their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Curcumin, a yellowish pigment isolated from dried ground rhizomes of turmeric, exhibits tremendous pharmacological effects, including anticancer activities. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that curcumin mediates anticancer effects through the modulation (upregulation and/or downregulations) of several intracellular signaling pathways both at protein and mRNA levels. Scientists have introduced multiple modern techniques and novel dosage forms for enhancing the delivery, bioavailability, and efficacy of curcumin in the treatment of various malignancies. These novel dosage forms include nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, phospholipids, and curcumin-encapsulated polymer nanoparticles. Nanocurcumin has shown improved anticancer effects compared to conventional curcumin formulations. This review discusses the underlying molecular mechanism of various nanoformulations of curcumin for the treatment of different cancers. We hope that this study will make a road map for preclinical and clinical investigations of cancer and recommend nano curcumin as a drug of choice for cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Click Activated Protodrugs Against Cancer Increase the Therapeutic Potential of Chemotherapy through Local Capture and Activation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kui Wu ◽  
Nathan Yee ◽  
Sangeetha Srinivasan ◽  
Amir Mahmoodi ◽  
Michael Zakharian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Sodium Hyaluronate ◽  
Maximum Tolerated Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Tumor Biomarker ◽  
Tumor Site

<div> <div> <div> <p>A desired goal of targeted cancer treatments is to achieve high tumor specificity with minimal side effects. Despite recent advances, this remains difficult to achieve in practice as most approaches rely on biomarkers or physiological differences between malignant and healthy tissue, and thus benefit only a subset of patients in need of treatment. To address this unmet need, we introduced a Click Activated Protodrugs Against Cancer (CAPAC) platform that enables targeted activation of drugs at a specific site in the body, i.e., a tumor. In contrast to antibodies (mAbs, ADCs) and other targeted approaches, the mechanism of action is based on in vivo click chemistry, and is thus independent of tumor biomarker expression or factors such as enzymatic activity, pH, or oxygen levels. The platform consists of a tetrazine-modified sodium hyaluronate-based biopolymer injected at a tumor site, followed by one or more doses of a trans-cyclooctene (TCO)- modified cytotoxic protodrug with attenuated activity administered systemically. The protodrug is captured locally by the biopolymer through an inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction between tetrazine and TCO, followed by conversion to the active drug directly at the tumor site, thereby overcoming the systemic limitations of conventional chemotherapy or the need for specific biomarkers of traditional targeted therapy. Here, TCO-modified protodrugs of four prominent cytotoxics (doxorubicin, paclitaxel, etoposide and gemcitabine) are used, highlighting the modularity of the CAPAC platform. In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity, solubility, stability and activation rendered the protodrug of doxorubicin, SQP33, as the most promising candidate for in vivo studies. Studies in rodents show that a single injection of the tetrazine-modified biopolymer, SQL70, efficiently captures SQP33 protodrug doses given at 10.8-times the maximum tolerated dose of conventional doxorubicin with greatly reduced systemic toxicity. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Polyphenols in Food: Cancer Prevention and Apoptosis Induction

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (36) ◽  
pp. 4740-4757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashita Sharma ◽  
Mandeep Kaur ◽  
Jatinder Kaur Katnoria ◽  
Avinash Kaur Nagpal
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups

Polyphenols are a group of water-soluble organic compounds, mainly of natural origin. The compounds having about 5-7 aromatic rings and more than 12 phenolic hydroxyl groups are classified as polyphenols. These are the antioxidants which protect the body from oxidative damage. In plants, they are the secondary metabolites produced as a defense mechanism against stress factors. Antioxidant property of polyphenols is suggested to provide protection against many diseases associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), including cancer. Various studies carried out across the world have suggested that polyphenols can inhibit the tumor generation, induce apoptosis in cancer cells and interfere in progression of tumors. This group of wonder compounds is present in surplus in natural plants and food products. Intake of polyphenols through diet can scavenge ROS and thus can help in cancer prevention. The plant derived products can also be used along with conventional chemotherapy to enhance the chemopreventive effects. The present review focuses on various in vitro and in vivo studies carried out to assess the anti-carcinogenic potential of polyphenols present in our food. Also, the pathways involved in cancer chemopreventive effects of various subclasses (flavonoids, lignans, stilbenes and phenolic acids) of polyphenols are discussed.

scholarly journals Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius Cruzat ◽  
Marcelo Macedo Rogero ◽  
Kevin Noel Keane ◽  
Rui Curi ◽  
Philip Newsholme
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glutamine Metabolism ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Glutamine Supplementation ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Nutrition Supplementation ◽  
Wide Range

Glutamine is the most abundant and versatile amino acid in the body. In health and disease, the rate of glutamine consumption by immune cells is similar or greater than glucose. For instance, in vitro and in vivo studies have determined that glutamine is an essential nutrient for lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, macrophage phagocytic plus secretory activities and neutrophil bacterial killing. Glutamine release to the circulation and availability is mainly controlled by key metabolic organs, such as the gut, liver and skeletal muscles. During catabolic/hypercatabolic situations glutamine can become essential for metabolic function, but its availability may be compromised due to impairment of homeostasis in the inter-tissue metabolism of amino acids. For this reason, glutamine is currently part of clinical nutrition supplementation protocols and/or recommended for immune suppressed individuals. However, in a wide range of catabolic/hypercatabolic situations (e.g. ill/critically ill, post-trauma, sepsis, exhausted athletes) it is currently difficult to determine whether glutamine parenteral or enteral supplementation should be recommended based on the amino acid plasma concentration (glutaminemia). Although the beneficial immune based effects of glutamine supplementation is already established, many questions and evidence for positive in vivo outcomes still remain to be presented. Therefore, this paper provides an integrated review on how glutamine metabolism in key organs is important to cells of the immune system. We also discuss glutamine metabolism, action and important issues related to the effects of glutamine supplementation in catabolic situations.

scholarly journals Combretastatins: An Overview of Structure, Probable Mechanisms of Action and Potential Applications

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak ◽  
Esra Küpeli Akkol ◽  
Yasin Genç ◽  
Hilal Bardakcı ◽  
Çiğdem Yücel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
Combretastatin A4 ◽  
Potential Applications

Combretastatins are a class of closely related stilbenes (combretastatins A), dihydrostilbenes (combretastatins B), phenanthrenes (combretastatins C) and macrocyclic lactones (combretastatins D) found in the bark of Combretum caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze, commonly known as the South African bush willow. Some of the compounds in this series have been shown to be among the most potent antitubulin agents known. Due to their structural simplicity many analogs have also been synthesized. Combretastatin A4 phosphate is the most frequently tested compounds in preclinical and clinical trials. It is a water-soluble prodrug that the body can rapidly metabolize to combretastatin A4, which exhibits anti-tumor properties. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies on combretastatins have determined that these compounds also have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Nano-based formulations of natural or synthetic active agents such as combretastatin A4 phosphate exhibit several clear advantages, including improved low water solubility, prolonged circulation, drug targeting properties, enhanced efficiency, as well as fewer side effects. In this review, a synopsis of the recent literature exploring the combretastatins, their potential effects and nanoformulations as lead compounds in clinical applications is provided.

scholarly journals BRIEF REVIEW OF N-ACETYLCYSTEINE AS ANTIVIRAL AGENT: POTENTIAL APPLICATION IN COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ervilla Dass
Keyword(s):  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Oxygen Intermediates ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 – COVID-19, was first identified amongst an outbreak of respiratory illness cases in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. Research for effective therapies including antiviral agents, immunotherapies, and vaccines are being investigated and developed as potential therapies. Acetylcysteine a precursor in the formation of the antioxidant Glutathione (GSH) in the body is an important determinant of cellular redox status in endothelial cells, in maintaining intracellular GSH/Glutathione oxidized (GSSG) homeostasis, hence represents one of the most important antioxidant defense systems in lung cells, also, used in the prophylaxis or therapy of Virus Diseases. There are multiple reasons for maintaining adequate GSH levels in lungs. Researchers have demonstrated that, immunomodulatory agents that have increased survival in combination with influenza antivirals in murine models include N-acetylcysteine. These anti-oxidant capacities of NAC are mostly indirect, via a pro-glutathione effect where NAC provides L-cysteine residues required for glutathione synthesis. Therefore, antioxidants like NAC represent a potential additional treatment option that could be considered either as adjuvant therapy. According to the latest study by Jason Kim et al, March 2020, it is indicated glutathione, as top hits and highly ranked for potential benefit against SARS-CoV-2; and have also warranted further investigation for potential benefit against SARS-CoV-2. Still, its clinical effectiveness needs further investigations, since most of the results in this area of research are derived from in vitro and in vivo studies.  Further research as antiviral agent may provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of viral infections such as COVID 19. Keywords:  COVID-19, World Health Organization (WHO), N-Acetylcysteine, Antiviral, reactive oxygen intermediates, glutathione, antioxidant

Use of Percutaneous Absorption Data in Risk Assessment

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 815-827 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Franklin ◽  
D. A. Somers ◽  
I. Chu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Percutaneous Absorption ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Absorption Data ◽  
Regulatory Decision ◽  
Dermal Penetration ◽  
High Doses

Assessment of risks to humans associated with the use of chemicals requires knowledge of the hazard (toxicity) of the chemical and level of human exposure. Hazard assessment is often based on animal bioassays and quantitative exposure estimates of dermal exposure obtained from studies monitoring workers. Because human skin is an effective barrier to many chemicals, it cannot be assumed that the deposited dose is equivalent to the systemic dose. However, an estimate of systemic dose may be derived by multiplying the deposited dose by the percentage of percutaneous uptake. This correction can have major impact on the regulatory decision, because the adjusted dose used in the risk calculation may be reduced significantly, especially at high doses, when the uptake is not linearly proportional to the exposure. It is therefore important that the dermal absorption value be accurate. As outlined in this paper, numerous factors can affect percutaneous absorption. Nevertheless, many regulatory agencies will consider the use of percutaneous absorption data derived from in vivo studies to adjust the dermally deposited dose to that delivered systemically. Numerous issues must be resolved before in vitro dermal penetration studies can be used for risk assessment.

scholarly journals Biomaterial-Assisted Regenerative Medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8657
Author(s):  
Teruki Nii ◽  
Yoshiki Katayama
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Drug Screening ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Drug Evaluation ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Studies

This review aims to show case recent regenerative medicine based on biomaterial technologies. Regenerative medicine has arousing substantial interest throughout the world, with “The enhancement of cell activity” one of the essential concepts for the development of regenerative medicine. For example, drug research on drug screening is an important field of regenerative medicine, with the purpose of efficient evaluation of drug effects. It is crucial to enhance cell activity in the body for drug research because the difference in cell condition between in vitro and in vivo leads to a gap in drug evaluation. Biomaterial technology is essential for the further development of regenerative medicine because biomaterials effectively support cell culture or cell transplantation with high cell viability or activity. For example, biomaterial-based cell culture and drug screening could obtain information similar to preclinical or clinical studies. In the case of in vivo studies, biomaterials can assist cell activity, such as natural healing potential, leading to efficient tissue repair of damaged tissue. Therefore, regenerative medicine combined with biomaterials has been noted. For the research of biomaterial-based regenerative medicine, the research objective of regenerative medicine should link to the properties of the biomaterial used in the study. This review introduces regenerative medicine with biomaterial.

Insilico identification of a ferroportin inhibitor for the management of iron-overload condition in Beta Thalassemia major patients.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasir Sharif ◽  
Saba Irshad ◽  
Muhammad Hamza Tariq ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem Asghar
Keyword(s):  
Iron Overload ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Thalassemia Major ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Beta Thalassemia Major

Abstract The reason of high mortality rate in the patients of beta-thalassemia major is iron overload because it leads to many secondary complications. Condition of iron overload is known as hemochromatosis (HC). HC causes distorted formation of HFE protein that disturbs the whole pathway of HAMP protein synthesis which results in unbounded form of ferroportin and hence iron keeps absorbing in the body, leading to iron accumulation. The current study was conducted to identify a potential phytochemical that could bind to ferroportin and inhibits its iron absorbing activity within the body. The 3D structure of Ferroportin was unavailable in protein data bank PDB, therefore, it was developed by using different bioinformatics tools and best structure was identified through SAVES and RAMPAGE analysis. This best structure was docked with a library of 1010 bioactive phytochemicals by using MOE-2009 software. The top-ten ranked potential inhibitors were then evaluated for drug-like properties through molsoft and Molinspiration server followed by ADMET analysis. Our study demonstrated that “Taxifolin’ showed the maximum binding affinity with Ferroportin and also demonstrates maximum drug-like properties. Thus this compound could be used as a potential inhibitor of ferroportin. However, in-vitro and in-vivo studies must be conducted to validate the therapeutic potential of taxifolin against hemochromatosis.

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