scholarly journals Muscle capillarization, their morphology and pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
M. Krotkiewski
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Blood Supply ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Main Role ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Further Development

Morphological changes in muscles associated with a decrease in the number of fast, oxidizing muscle fibers of type IIA and an increase in the number of fast, glycolytic muscle fibers of type IIB, as well as a violation of the blood supply to muscle tissue, were considered by us in many pathological conditions associated with insulin resistance. Violation of tissue blood supply, closely associated with a decrease in sensitivity to insulin and the degree of hypertension, occurs at a relatively early stage, while an increase in the number of muscle fibers of type IIB occurs later and is associated with an increase in the concentration of atherogenic factors and hyperlipidemia. Type IIB muscle fibers (MF) are the most insulin-insensitive type MF and are not adapted to fat oxidation during muscle work. This contributes to the further development of insulin resistance and obesity; while the excess of fatty acids is sent to the liver, again violating its function. Excessive insulin also inhibits the liver. Hyperinsulinemia leads to inhibition of the synthesis of specific proteins such as the protein transporting testosterone (a sex hormone-binding globulin). As a result, an increased concentration of free testosterone leads to virilization of women and the further development of insulin insensitivity. In contrast to the previously existing concept, which assigned the main role to intra-abdominal adipose tissue, muscles and liver should also be considered as organs involved in the pathogenesis and development of the metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Parameters of endothelial function and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome before and after weight loss

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Mkrtumyan ◽  
E V Biryukova ◽  
N V Markina ◽  
M A Garbuzova
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

In clinical practice, physicians of different specialties often faced with the metabolic syndrome (MS) is a set of hormonal and metabolic disorders that share a common pathophysiological mechanism - insulin resistance (IR) [1, 5, 11]. MS is important for the clinician not only how widespread pathology, but primarily as a life-threatening condition. Of course, this syndrome plays an important role in accelerating the development and progression of diseases associated with atherosclerosis, which, according to experts WHO, ranks first among the causes of mortality in industrialized countries [12, 16, 19]. This situation is particularly important for Russia due to the relatively high spread of the syndrome, component, according to several authors, about 20% of the population, and high rates of death from coronary heart disease and stroke in the Russian population [2, 4, 5]. It is known that the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and total coronary mortality increases with the number of components of metabolic syndrome [14, 15, 20]. The study J.H. Park et al., Which included 478 patients with ischemic stroke, MS was diagnosed in 53.4% of patients (criteria NCEP ATP III), the thickness of the complex value of the index "intima-media" of the carotid arteries was increased in direct proportion to an increase in the number of available components of MS [20] . Link between R D and cardiovascular disease, apparently, is endothelial dysfunction, which is the study at various metabolic diseases received much attention [9, 10, 22]. Endothelial dysfunction, which is typical for many patients with MS, is a marker of metabolic and vascular disorders [15, 22]. In the initial period of development of the atherosclerotic process, even when there are no obvious clinical manifestations and visible morphological changes of blood vessels, the main role is played by endothelial dysfunction [9, 21]. Endothelial dysfunction is also discussed as one of the reasons for the rapid development, progression of atherosclerosis and its complications in patients with MS [11,18]. For example, recent studies have shown that tears plaques leading to myocardial infarction, do not always occur in the zone of maximum stenosis of the coronary arteries [13]. Rather, they tend to occur in places restrictions of small - less than 50% by angiography. The study of endothelial function in patients with MS is at the initial stages of the study [8, 15, 18]. In addition, of particular interest is the study of the effect of weight loss on the state of the endothelium in the syndrome of insulin resistance.

scholarly journals Relation of cholesterol metabolism and non-cholesterol sterols to insulin resistance

2007 ◽  
pp. 749-755
Author(s):  
A Šmahelová ◽  
R Hyšpler ◽  
T Haas
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Cholesterol Synthesis ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Using non-cholesterol sterols investigation several authors postulated a hypothesis that in the metabolic syndrome cholesterol endogenous synthesis is increased and its absorption decreased. Our study is the first attempt to evaluate the direct relation of cholesterol metabolism to the principal pathogenetic phenomenon of the metabolic syndrome--namely to insulin resistance. We have measured insulin sensitivity by two methods--Quicki (Quantitative Sensitivity Check Index) and intravenous insulin tolerance test (Kitt) and 3 indirect markers--fasting insulin level, fasting C-peptide level and SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin). The investigation was performed in three groups of subjects with a different prevalence of insulin resistance: 72 non-diabetics with ischemic heart disease, 117 young blood donors and 63 type 2 diabetics on diet therapy only. Analyzing altogether 60 relationships--between four sterols (lathosterol, squalene, sitosterol and campesterol) and five markers of insulin resistance in three groups of subjects--we have found only six significant relations between cholesterol synthesis and absorption and insulin resistance in all groups of patients. Our results indicate that there exists a significant relationship between insulin sensitivity and indices of either increased cholesterol synthesis or decreased cholesterol absorption. Insulin resistance explains only a part of both abnormalities mentioned above.

Metabolic Syndrome During Menopause

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sezcan Mumusoglu ◽  
Bulent Okan Yildiz
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Central Obesity ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Natural Menopause ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Aging Women

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises individual components including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension and it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The menopause per se increases the incidence of MetS in aging women. The effect(s) of menopause on individual components of MetS include: i) increasing central obesity with changes in the fat tissue distribution, ii) potential increase in insulin resistance, iii) changes in serum lipid concentrations, which seem to be associated with increasing weight rather than menopause itself, and, iv) an association between menopause and hypertension, although available data are inconclusive. With regard to the consequences of MetS during menopause, there is no consistent data supporting a causal relationship between menopause and CVD. However, concomitant MetS during menopause appears to increase the risk of CVD. Furthermore, despite the data supporting the association between early menopause and increased risk of T2DM, the association between natural menopause itself and risk of T2DM is not evident. However, the presence and the severity of MetS appears to be associated with an increased risk of T2DM. Although the mechanism is not clear, surgical menopause is strongly linked with a higher incidence of MetS. Interestingly, women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have an increased risk of MetS during their reproductive years; however, with menopausal transition, the risk of MetS becomes similar to that of non-PCOS women.

C-Peptide and its Correlation to Parameters of Insulin Resistance in the Metabolic Syndrome

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 921-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaheena Banu ◽  
Nasimudeen R. Jabir ◽  
C. N. Manjunath ◽  
Shazi Shakil ◽  
Mohammad A. Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

scholarly journals Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome among Polish Nurses

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Anna Bartosiewicz ◽  
Edyta Łuszczki ◽  
Małgorzata Nagórska ◽  
Łukasz Oleksy ◽  
Artur Stolarczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Professional Group ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Obesity Class ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
The World

The metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X or the insulin resistance, is defined by the World Health Organization as a pathologic condition characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Both all over the world and in Poland, there is a shortage of nurses; most of those employed are in the pre-retirement age. However, the requirements in this profession and the patient’s right to care at the highest level remain unchanged and do not take into account the poor condition or age of working nurses, so special attention should be paid to the state of health in this professional group. There is an emphasis on the importance of the adopted attitude toward health and the resulting behaviors, such as regular weight control, following dietary recommendations, regular physical activity and participation in preventive examinations. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome, its individual components and determining the factors influencing its development in Polish nurses. The research conducted among the nurses in question included DXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) measurements, assessment of glucose concentration, lipid profile, blood pressure and a questionnaire survey. Almost half of the surveyed nurses have metabolic syndrome, which significantly increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases or diabetes. After multivariate analysis, it was found that being overweight and obesity were significant factors influenced the MS (metabolic syndrome) occurrence among Polish nurses. Being overweight increases the chances of MS occurrence 8.58 times in relation to BMI (Body Mass Index) <25, obesity increases the chances of MS occurrence 8.085 times in relation to BMI <25, and obesity class II/III increases the chances of MS occurrence 16.505 times in relation to BMI <25. Preventive and supportive measures for this professional group are needed.

scholarly journals Emerging roles of C1Q tumor necrosis factor-related proteins in metabolic diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjunath Ramanjaneya ◽  
Jayakumar Jerobin ◽  
Ilham Bettahi ◽  
Kodappully Sivaraman Siveen ◽  
Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Necrosis Factor

AbstractObesity and insulin resistance are key elements of the metabolic syndrome, which includes type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, systemic inflammation, hypertension, elevated risk for cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). C1Q Tumor necrosis factor-related proteins (CTRPs) have recently emerged as important regulators of metabolism as a core component in the interrelationship between insulin resistance, adiposity and inflammation. To date 15 CTRP members have been identified and most of the CTRPs are dysregulated in obesity, T2D, coronary artery disease and NAFLD. Pharmacological intervention and lifestyle modification alter expression of CTRPs in circulation and in metabolically active tissues. CTRPs enhance metabolism mainly through activation of AMPK/AKT dependent pathways and possess insulin sensitizing properties. Thus dysregulated expression of CTRPs in metabolic disorders could contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. For these reasons CTRPs appear to be promising targets for early detection, prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders. This review article aims at exploring the role of CTRPs in metabolic syndrome.

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