scholarly journals Diabetes mellitus incidence and prevalence in Moscow

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 4-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Kuraeva ◽  
A. S. Sergeev ◽  
N. B. Lebedev ◽  
G. Yu. Babadzhanova ◽  
N. B. Kerimi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Diabetes Prevalence ◽  
Diabetes Incidence ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Diabetes Type Ii ◽  
Epidemiologic Survey

Epidemiologic survey of two diabetes mellitus types in Moscow has shown that the incidence of type I diabetes markedly increases from birth (0.012-0.013%) to the age of 10-14 (0.04-0.045 %), after which somewhat reduces (0.02-0.03 %) and thus persists up to 40. Type I diabetes prevalence increases from 0.002-0.004 % at the age of 0 to 4 years to 0.14-0.092 % by the age of 35-39 in men and women, respectively. Type II diabetes is diagnosed after the age of 20. At the age of 20 to 24 this diabetes incidence is lower than that of type I condition; at the age of 25-34 the incidence of both is approximately the same, and after 35 the incidence of type II is much higher than that of type I diabetes. Type II diabetes prevalence by the age of 40 is 0.074 and 0.122% in men and women, respectively. Prevalence of diabetes cases treated with diets and oral sugar-reducing drugs at the age 75 and older is 4.3 % in men and 5.5 % in women, of insulin- treated cases 1.2 and 0.5 %, respectively. The true prevalence of type II diabetes is however higher and that of type I condition lower than the resultant values; this is explained by a frequent prescription of insulin to elderly patients with type II diabetes because of complications or concomitant diseases.  

Sitagliptin (Januvia)

Top Drugs ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Jack Li
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽  
Insulin Injection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Ancient Times

Diabetes has been known since antiquity. In fact, the term “diabetes mellitus” comes from the Greek meaning “siphon and honey” due to the excess excretion (siphon or faucet) of hyperglycemic (sweetened, or honeyed) urine associated with diabetes. In ancient times, diabetes was mostly type I, which usually manifests acutely in the young, secondary to certain underlying insults (possibly infections) to the islet cells of the pancreas resulting in an absolute lack of insulin. Insulin was discovered by Banting and Best in 1921, and insulin injection has literally saved millions of lives since then. With the wondrous efficacy that insulin bestows, type I diabetes is largely controlled because type I diabetes is insulindependent. However, type II diabetes, a more prevalent form of diabetes, is not insulin-dependent. In ancient times, when nutrition was scarce and obesity was not prevalent, type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was extremely rare. Indeed, type II diabetes is a disease more frequently associated with maturity, obesity, and gradually increasing blood glucose concentrations, and it may be asymptomatic for some time, only discovered on routine glucose screening. In fact, with the increasing body weight of the general population of the developed world, type II diabetes is becoming an epidemic. Serious complications of diabetes include nephropathy (kidney diseases), neuropathy (nerve damage), and retinopathy (blindness). Diabetes is the most common cause of blindness and amputation in the elderly in the United States. Oral diabetes drugs are required for most type II diabetic patients. Diabetes drugs may be classified into four categories: (a) agents that augment the supply of insulin such as sulfonylureas; (b) agents that enhance the effectiveness of insulin such as biguanides and thiazolidinediones; (c) GLP agonists; and (d) DPP4 Inhibitors. The efficacy of all the antidiabetic drugs can be monitored by measuring glycosylated hemoglobin (HaA1c) as a long term marker of elevated blood glucose. The amount of HaA1c reflects the average level over the last 120 days, the life span of a red blood cell, and should remain below 7%.

Haemostasis Disturbances in Type I and II Diabetes Mellitus.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 4032-4032
Author(s):  
Patrick Van Dreden ◽  
Aurelie Rousseau ◽  
Thomas Exner ◽  
Marc Vasse ◽  
Geneviéve Ozenne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Small Pilot Study

Abstract Diabetes is associated with disturbances in haemostasis that are thought to result in an increased incidence of thrombotic complications and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this pilot study was to monitor activation of haemostasis using specific markers for platelet activation and coagulation. Plasma samples (all blood collected and plasma prepared in the same hospital under the same conditions) were obtained from twenty diabetic patients (8 with type I and 12 with type II) and twenty one normal control volunteers. To monitor coagulation these samples were evaluated with the partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and D-dimer (D-Di) - all reagents from Diagnostica Stago, Asniéres, France. Platelet activation was monitored with a novel method for monitoring procoagulant phospholipids microparticles (PPM) using a factor Xa-based coagulation assay. In this assay shortened clotting times are associated with increased levels of PPM and thus platelet activation. APTT Sec. PT % PPM Sec. D-Di μg/l Controls 34.6 (29.4–39.6) 93.1 (79–109) 57.5 (51.1–74.9) 0.22 (0.22–0.45) Type I Diabetes 34.5 (33.1–36.7) 96.9 (92–102.5) 33.8 (19.1–44.2) 1.6 (0.22–3.6) Type II Diabetes 36.8 (33.2–40.4) 96 (59.4–112.5) 48.3 (44.2–51.2) 0.7 (0.22–1.7) Significantly higher levels of both PPM and DD were found in Type I diabetes patients compared with controls (both P<0.001). In type II diabetes the levels of both were lower than those found in Type I diabetes but both were still higher than the controls (PPM and DDi at p<0.001 and p<0.01 level respectively), only the differences in levels of PPM reaching significance between type I and type II diabetes (p<0.01). The more severe the diabetes (type I > type II) the greater the level activation of haemostasis that is observed. The increases in PPM could account in part for the development or progression of arthrosclerosis in patients with diabetes mellitus. The increased level of D-Di confirms the increased hypercoagulability of these patients. Although this was a small pilot study and further studies are needed to confirm these findings it is interesting to speculate on the usefulness of both the PPM assay and D-Di assays in monitoring the development/severity of diabetes and its complications. The PPM assay may prove to be especially useful in monitoring progression of the disease.

scholarly journals Exploitation of Absolute qPCR to Estimate Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium Count in Human Gut as Indicator of Diabetic Mellitus Complication

2020 ◽  
pp. 277-284
Author(s):  
Ali Mohammed Al-Rawe ◽  
Ahmed AbdulJabbar Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Diabetes Type ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Diabetes Type Ii ◽  
The Mean

     Diabetes mellitus is a form of metabolic disorder where patients are incapable to organize glucose metabolism. The most common types are Type I and Type II, constituting about 10% and 90% of cases, respectively. The cause of type I diabetes, which usually spreads in children and adolescents, is the disability of the endocrine system to produce insulin. On the other hand, The most common type of diabetes,  type II diabetes, is often presented in adults. It is usually presented as a collection of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. This work was done to estimate the count of microbiota in diabetics to find an appraoch for detection and follow-up treatment. The count of two types of bacteria Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium was determined using qPCR based on the standard curve that was created from the serial decimal dilution of samples containing an unknown number of bacteria taken from probiotic capsules. The main results of this study show that the Lactobacillus count was affected by diabetes types, where a decrease was observed in the mean value in the case of diabetes type I group (32978.13) compared with the control group (610680.26). The mean value in diabetes type II was close to that of the control group (682199.27). While, the count of the Bifidobacterium showed a significant reduction in the mean value in both type I and type II diabetes groups (7521.70, 51880.82, respectively), compared with the control group (63405999.00).

Diabetic nephropathy: a disease causing and complicated by hypertension

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1838-1842 ◽  
Author(s):  
M W Steffes ◽  
S M Mauer
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Pima Indians ◽  
Capillary Surface ◽  
Glomerular Capillary

Abstract In examining the pathophysiology underlying the development of hypertension in diabetes mellitus, it is important to draw clear distinctions between Type I and Type II diabetes. In patients with Type I diabetes, with a peak onset of disease early in the second decade of life, hypertension clearly represents the sequelae to the development of substantial renal lesions, especially in the glomerulus. Thus the prevalence of hypertension in those patients without substantial glomerular lesions approximates the incidence of hypertension in the general population (approximately 4%). In patients with Type II diabetes mellitus and onset generally later in adult life, an increase in blood pressure can often be demonstrated early after or even before diagnosis of the disease (most readily demonstrated in the Pima Indians). Furthermore, clear familial tendencies towards the development of nephropathic complications of diabetes can be shown. In patients with Type I disease, the fall in glomerular filtration rate parallels the fall in glomerular capillary surface available for filtration. This reduction in the peripheral glomerular capillary surface correlates well with the expansion of the mesangium, strongly implicating the mesangial expansion in the demise in renal function. For both Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus, the increase in albuminuria may reflect an opening of large pores in the glomerular basement membrane, thereby allowing serum proteins to cross into the filtration space.

Knowledge of Hypoglycemic Symptoms and their Self-Management among patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2961-2962
Author(s):  
Aneel Kumar ◽  
Zahid Ali Shaikh ◽  
Sham Lal Prithiani ◽  
Bashir Ahmed Shaikh ◽  
Imdad Ali Ansari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Adequate Knowledge

Aim: To determine knowledge of hypoglycaemic symptoms & their self-management among pts with type II diabetes mellitus. Study Design: Descriptive, cross-sectional. Place and duration of study: OPD Clinic of Department of Medicine, Chandka Medical College Hospital Larkana from 23rd May 2019 to 22nd November 2019. Methodology: One hundred and thirty five patients with type II diabetes mellitus of age 35- 60 years were selected. Patients with type I DM and neuro-psychiatric illness were excluded. The symptoms of hypoglycemia and their responses to those symptoms were recorded. Results: The mean age of 47.07±6.04years and majority of the patients 83 (61.48%) were between 46-60 years of age. Seventy two (53.33%) were male and 63 (46.67%) were females. Mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 6.90±3.86 years. Adequate knowledge of hypoglycemic symptoms and their self-management among patients with type II diabetes mellitus was found in 62 (56.9%) patients. Conclusion: Hypoglycemic patients are significantly unaware of their condition and have a very low knowledge about hypoglycemia and its self-management. Keywords: Type II diabetes, Hypoglycemic symptoms, Knowledge

scholarly journals Cancer Biology and Prevention in Diabetes

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swayam Prakash Srivastava ◽  
Julie E. Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Cancer Metastasis ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

The available evidence suggests a complex relationship between diabetes and cancer. Epidemiological data suggest a positive correlation, however, in certain types of cancer, a more complex picture emerges, such as in some site-specific cancers being specific to type I diabetes but not to type II diabetes. Reports share common and differential mechanisms which affect the relationship between diabetes and cancer. We discuss the use of antidiabetic drugs in a wide range of cancer therapy and cancer therapeutics in the development of hyperglycemia, especially antineoplastic drugs which often induce hyperglycemia by targeting insulin/IGF-1 signaling. Similarly, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), a well-known target in type II diabetes mellitus, has differential effects on cancer types. Past studies suggest a protective role of DPP-4 inhibitors, but recent studies show that DPP-4 inhibition induces cancer metastasis. Moreover, molecular pathological mechanisms of cancer in diabetes are currently largely unclear. The cancer-causing mechanisms in diabetes have been shown to be complex, including excessive ROS-formation, destruction of essential biomolecules, chronic inflammation, and impaired healing phenomena, collectively leading to carcinogenesis in diabetic conditions. Diabetes-associated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) contribute to cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) formation in tumors, allowing the epithelium and endothelium to enable tumor cell extravasation. In this review, we discuss the risk of cancer associated with anti-diabetic therapies, including DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT2 inhibitors, and the role of catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), AMPK, and cell-specific glucocorticoid receptors in cancer biology. We explore possible mechanistic links between diabetes and cancer biology and discuss new therapeutic approaches.

Plasma endothelin-1 and total insulin exposure in diabetes mellitus

1999 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flemming WOLLESEN ◽  
Lars BERGLUND ◽  
Christian BERNE
Keyword(s):  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Dose ◽  
Albumin Excretion Rate ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Insulin stimulates endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression in a dose-response relationship, and ET-1 effects on vascular wall structure are similar to the long-term complications of diabetes. We therefore determined whether the plasma ET-1 concentration in patients with diabetes is associated with their total insulin exposure to see if plasma ET-1 might be a link between insulin exposure and long-term complications of diabetes. We studied 69 patients with Type I and 40 patients with Type II diabetes mellitus in equally tight glycaemic control for 2 years in a cross-sectional design. We measured basal and glucagon-stimulated plasma C-peptide, abdominal sagittal diameter, skinfold thickness, glomerular filtration rate, albumin excretion rate and standard clinical characteristics. Mean HbA1c was 6.4% in Type I and 6.3% in Type II diabetes. Patients with an albumin excretion rate > 300 μg/min were excluded. Adjusted mean plasma ET-1 was 4.11 (S.E.M. 0.39) pg/ml in 21 normal subjects, 3.47 (0.19) pg/ml in Type I diabetes and 4.84 (0.26) pg/ml in Type II diabetes (P = 0.0001). In all patients with measurable plasma C-peptide, plasma ET-1 was associated with basal plasma C-peptide (r = 0.5018, P < 0.0001), with stimulated plasma C-peptide (r = 0.5379, P < 0.0001), and with total daily insulin dose (r = 0.2219, P = 0.00851). Abdominal obesity, metabolic abnormalities, blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate were not associated with plasma ET-1, when corrected for C-peptide and daily insulin dose. Our study shows that the plasma concentration of ET-1 is closely associated with insulin secretion and insulin dose in patients with diabetes. Plasma ET-1 is higher in Type II diabetes than in Type I diabetes. Increased insulin exposure in patients with diabetes may have long-term effects on vascular wall structure through its stimulation of ET-1 expression.

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