scholarly journals Immunologic aspects of autoimmune thyroiditis

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
A P Kalinin ◽  
Ye Ye Potemkina ◽  
N V Pesheva ◽  
D S Rafibekov
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
T Suppressors ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Thyroid Cells

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is one of the most important and relevant problems of modern endocrinology due to the lack of study of the etiology, lack of clarity of pathogenetic mechanisms, and the absence of objective and reliable diagnostic methods, including immunological ones. The last decade is characterized by the appearance of fundamental works devoted to the immunology of autoimmune thyroid diseases. The data need generalization, a critical analysis, since the conclusions of the authors often differ in inconsistency. AIT takes first place among thyroid diseases. According to V.I. Litvinov, AIT is observed in 20-40% of the adult population, according to foreign authors, in 7.2% of the children. In 90% of cases, hypothyroidism in adults is caused by autoimmune processes, of which 70% is associated with AIT. The prevalence of the disease is primarily associated with a catastrophic environmental degradation. There are separate studies suggesting that factors associated with urbanization can contribute to the emergence of AIT. M. Podleski et al., N.I. Romanyuk, I.D. Levit revealed a greater incidence of AIT in the urban population compared with the rural one. The effect of iodine on the incidence of AIT is widely studied: a deficiency of a trace element helps to reduce it, and an excess increases it. In the occurrence of AIT, the role of radiation is significant. So, in territories affected by radiation as a result of accidents, AIT is registered 2 times more often (19.2% versus 8.8% in uncharged territory). N.V. Romashkan et al. they associate an increase in the incidence of AIT with increasing general allergization of the population, a significant recent prevalence of viral infections that enhance autoimmunization. The function of the thyroid gland, the peripheral phenotype of T cells and their function are affected by smoking. Nicotine can damage thyroid cells and release thyroglobulin into the blood, and also directly affect the function of T-suppressors. To date, there are three hypotheses for the pathogenesis of AIT: antigenic damage to the thyroid gland, a defect in specific T-suppressors, and a violation of the regulatory function of thyroid-stimulating hormone. None of the hypotheses is conclusively confirmed. It is possible that all three mechanisms are involved in the emergence and formation of an autoimmune specific process, clinically manifesting themselves in various stages and forms of the disease.

scholarly journals Clinical-pathological Changes in Reproductive Age Women With Autoimmune Thyroiditis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 354-359
Author(s):  
N. Mazhitova ◽  
R. Kalmatov ◽  
G. Abdykaimova ◽  
Zh. Abdullaeva
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Pathology

Research relevance: Autoimmune pathology of the thyroid gland is one of the urgent problems of modern endocrinology, and this is due to the lack of clarity of pathogenetic mechanisms and the lack of objective and reliable diagnostic methods, including immunological. The mechanisms of autoimmune thyroid diseases have not yet been fully elucidated, although about a hundred years have passed since the first description of autoimmune thyroiditis. According to world statistics, thyroid disease occurs in almost 30% of the world’s population. According to the latest data, in Kyrgyzstan, they are found in 10–30 percent of the population. Objectives of the study: Clinical and pathological substantiation of ways to optimize the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis in residents of the southern region of the Kyrgyz Republic. Research methods: clinical and immunological (determination of the titer of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (AT TPO); cytokines); static method; laboratory (content of free thyroxine (T4); thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); free triiodothyronine (T3); hematological, biochemical blood test; ultrasound of the thyroid gland. Conclusions: Lack of iodine causes irreparable harm to absolutely every person: child and adult, men and women. Iodine deficiency is most common in women who are in late pregnancy.

7. The thyroid gland

2014 ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Martin Luck
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Thyroid Cells ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

‘The thyroid gland’ illustrates how the thyroid takes up iodine from the blood and stores it in a concentrated form attached to a protein, thyroglobulin. When stimulated by a pituitary gland hormone, thyroid cells build up thyroglobulin but also turn some of it into the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. These hormones speed up a cell’s use of oxygen and so accelerate metabolism in most tissues and organs. This increased metabolism extends to processes like immunity, growth, and reproduction, which is why the right level of thyroid activity is important for development and health. Thyroid diseases such as hyperthyroidism and goitre, are relatively common medical conditions, but are also easily detected and treated.

Dual oxidase, hydrogen peroxide and thyroid diseases

2010 ◽  
Vol 235 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidemi Ohye ◽  
Masahiro Sugawara
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Human Thyroid ◽  
Apical Plasma Membrane ◽  
Thyroid Cell ◽  
Thyroid Cells ◽  
Nadph Oxidase 4 ◽  
Dual Oxidase

The thyroid gland is a unique endocrine organ that requires hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for thyroid hormone formation. The molecule for H2O2 production in the thyroid gland has been known as dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2). Recently, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), a homolog of the NOX family, was added as a new intracellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the human thyroid gland. This review focuses on the recent progress of the DUOX system and its possible contribution to human thyroid diseases. Also, we discuss human thyroid diseases related to abnormal H2O2 generation. The DUOX molecule contains peroxidase-like and NADPH oxidase-like domains. Human thyroid gland also contains DUOX1 that shares 83% similarity with the DUOX2 gene. However, thyroid DUOX1 protein appears to play a minor role in H2O2 production. DUOX proteins require DUOX maturation or activation factors (DUOXA1 or 2) for proper translocation of DUOX from the endoplasmic reticulum to the apical plasma membrane, where H2O2 production takes place. Thyroid cells contain antioxidants to protect cells from the H2O2-mediated oxidative damage. Loss of this balance may result in thyroid cell dysfunction and thyroid diseases. Mutation of either DUOX2 or DUOXA2 gene is a newly recognized cause of hypothyroidism due to insufficient H2O2 production. Papillary thyroid carcinoma, the most common thyroid cancer, is closely linked to the increased ROS production by NOX4. Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a common autoimmune thyroid disease in women, becomes conspicuous when iodide intake increases. This phenomenon may be explained by the abnormality of iodide-induced H2O2 or other ROS in susceptible individuals. Discovery of DUOX proteins and NOX4 provides us with valuable tools for a better understanding of pathophysiology of prevalent thyroid diseases.

scholarly journals Clinical-laboratory and instrument indices of the thyroid gland state after surgical treatment of tumors of the chiasmatic-cellar region

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Ya. A. Kan ◽  
M. G. Zhestikova ◽  
S. M. Bryzgalina ◽  
N. P. Shakhvorost
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Operative Treatment ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Free Thyroxine ◽  
Secondary Hypothyroidism ◽  
Cellular Area

Hypopituitarism is often developed in the result of operative treatment of tumours in chiasmal-cellular area. One of frequent indications of hypophysis’ deficit is decreasing of product of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) that leads to deficit of thyroid hormones. Most patients, who had been operated in terms of tumours of chiasmal-cellular area, have normal volume and structure of thyroid gland in the background of decreased level of free thyroxine and absence of increasing of level of TSH on the principle of feedback, it indicates to the secondary character of destruction of thyroid gland. Patients operated in terms of craniopharyngioma and somatoprolactinoma more often have secondary hypothyroidism. A high per cent of fibrotic changes of tissue of thyroid gland in patients operated in terms of prolactinoma is explain by autoimmune thyroiditis in anamnesis.

scholarly journals Macro-TSH in patients with primary hypothyroidism due to autoimmune thyroiditis

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
A. G. Saribekian ◽  
D. A. Petrenko ◽  
D. A. Trukhina ◽  
A. G. Kuzmin ◽  
L. K. Dzeranova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Primary Hypothyroidism ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Functional Disorders ◽  
Key Indicators

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is one of the key indicators in the diagnosis of the thyroid gland functional disorders. Minor changes in TSH concentration make it possible to suspect thyroid dysfunction even before clinical manifestations, which increases the value of correct and timely measurement of it. In the clinical practice, an endocrinologist often encounter the well-known phenomenon of macroprolactinemia; a much less common phenomenon is macrotyrotropinemia (macro-TSH). The presence of macro-TSH complexes can be suspected when the serum detects atypically high TSH values with reference values of FT4 without any signs of hypothyroidism. Since the phenomenon is based on an autoimmune mechanism, macro-TSH can often be detected in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). This article presents clinical cases of patients with a combination of the macro-TSH phenomenon and primary hypothyroidism due to AIT.

scholarly journals Clinical practice guidelines for acute and chronic thyroiditis (excluding autoimmune thyroiditis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-83
Author(s):  
E. A. Troshina ◽  
E. A. Panfilova ◽  
M. S. Mikhina ◽  
I. V. Kim ◽  
E. S. Senyushkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Clinical Practice Guidelines ◽  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Thyroiditis ◽  
Health Organization

Acute and chronic thyroid diseases are the most frequently detected disorders being second only to diabetes mellitus.The World Health Organization points out that thyroid diseases’ incidence tends to grow every year. The present paper consists of clinical practice guidelines that consider etiology, clinical course, diagnostics and treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory thyroid diseases (except those of autoimmune type).The clinical practice guidelines provide an important working tool for clinicians including specialty physicians and medical experts. Containing structured and concise information on the specific nosology, diagnostic methods and treatment tips these guidelines allow medical specialists to quickly resolve difficulties and choose the most efficient and personalized treatment (following strict principles of evidence-based medicine at the same time).The clinical practice guidelines were drawn up by highly-skilled professional team of specialty physicians approved by the Expert Council of Russian Federation’s Health Department. These guidelines contain the most complete and up-to-date information required to diagnose acute and chronic thyroiditis, provide patient care and treatment.The working group publishes the present paper in the professional journal dealing with endocrinology topics to improve healthcare quality and refine treatment of acute and chronic thyroiditis (autoimmune thyroiditis excluded). It is advisable to acquaint as many endocrinology and general (family) medicine specialists as possible with the full text of these clinical guidelines.

scholarly journals The value of central regulators of the immune response in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 458-465
Author(s):  
Ekaterina A. Troshina ◽  
Evgeniya S. Senyushkina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroiditis ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Wide Range

The specific relationship between the endocrine and immune systems is represented by a numerous number of factors and mechanisms that form the structure and ensure the function of each of the two systems. For example, immunocompetent cells can produce immunologically active substances, as well as some hormones. On the other hand, immune cells are available to the effects of endogenous hormones. Currently, the so-called cross-regulation of endocrine and immune mechanisms in an equilibrium of pro-and anti-inflammatory responses has not been sufficiently studied. Among other autoimmune lesions, autoimmune thyreopathy occupies a significant place. The development of an autoimmune lesion of the thyroid gland is a complex process, which is the result of the interaction of infiltrating lymphocyte and thyrocyte tissue that can express a wide range of molecules involved in the immune response. Immunological and immunogenetic factors play a major role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases, such as autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves disease. Despite the fact that more than 100 years have passed since the first description of autoimmune thyroiditis and Graves disease has been known for many centuries, the mechanisms of these pathologies are still not fully understood.

scholarly journals Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovana Knezevic ◽  
Christina Starchl ◽  
Adelina Tmava Berisha ◽  
Karin Amrein
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Impact

A healthy gut microbiota not only has beneficial effects on the activity of the immune system, but also on thyroid function. Thyroid and intestinal diseases prevalently coexist—Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) are the most common autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) and often co-occur with Celiac Disease (CD) and Non-celiac wheat sensitivity (NCWS). This can be explained by the damaged intestinal barrier and the following increase of intestinal permeability, allowing antigens to pass more easily and activate the immune system or cross-react with extraintestinal tissues, respectively. Dysbiosis has not only been found in AITDs, but has also been reported in thyroid carcinoma, in which an increased number of carcinogenic and inflammatory bacterial strains were observed. Additionally, the composition of the gut microbiota has an influence on the availability of essential micronutrients for the thyroid gland. Iodine, iron, and copper are crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, selenium and zinc are needed for converting T4 to T3, and vitamin D assists in regulating the immune response. Those micronutrients are often found to be deficient in AITDs, resulting in malfunctioning of the thyroid. Bariatric surgery can lead to an inadequate absorption of these nutrients and further implicates changes in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and T3 levels. Supplementation of probiotics showed beneficial effects on thyroid hormones and thyroid function in general. A literature research was performed to examine the interplay between gut microbiota and thyroid disorders that should be considered when treating patients suffering from thyroid diseases. Multifactorial therapeutic and preventive management strategies could be established and more specifically adjusted to patients, depending on their gut bacteria composition. Future well-powered human studies are warranted to evaluate the impact of alterations in gut microbiota on thyroid function and diseases.

General properties of autoimmune thyroid diseases and associated morbidities

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysel Burcu Palandokenlier Ibili ◽  
Beray Selver Eklioglu ◽  
Mehmet Emre Atabek
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation Score ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Thyroglobulin Antibody

AbstractBackgroundAutoimmune thyroid diseases (ATDs) can be classified into two basic diseases: Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Here, we review the effectiveness of laboratory and imaging methods used for the early diagnosis of ATD and draw attention to methods that may improve screening.MethodsRetrospective data of 142 patients diagnosed with ATD between January 2010 and December 2015 at our paediatric endocrinology clinic were used. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical findings, treatments and follow-up data of patients were statistically evaluated.ResultsOf the ATD cases, 81% (n = 115) were female. The median age was 12.5 ± 3.5 (range 1–17) years and 91% (n = 129) of patients were in puberty. There was a significant positive correlation between the height (standard deviation score) and follow-up time for patients with HT (r = 0.156, p < 0.01). Thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) positivity was found in 75% (45/60) of females with a positive maternal ATD history (p = 0.045). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4) values were significantly altered during the treatment follow-up period in female patients with GD and HT, while only fT4 values were found to be significantly altered in boys with HT.ConclusionAlthough GD and HT have similar mechanisms, they differ in terms of treatment duration and remission and relapse frequencies. Ultrasonography (USG) screening is a non-invasive procedure that is suitable for all patients with ATD. Based on our results, TgAb could be useful in the screening of girls with a history of maternal ATD.

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