scholarly journals Morphofunctional characteristics and immunological regulation of the orbital fibroblasts function in endocrine ophthalmopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-191
Author(s):  
Elizaveta S. Taskina ◽  
Svetlana V. Kharintseva
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Intercellular Interaction ◽  
Intercellular Matrix ◽  
Autoimmune Inflammation ◽  
Endocrine Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Matrix Components ◽  
Orbital Fibroblasts ◽  
Immunological Regulation

Endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP) is a chronic disease characterized by progressive autoimmune inflammation of the soft retrobulbar tissues in thyroid dysfunction. The orbital fibroblasts with their unique morphofunctional properties are very important in the pathogenesis of the infiltrative process and fibrosis of the extraocular muscles and/or retrobulbar tissue. They, unlike other localization fibroblasts, have not mesodermal, but neuro-ectodermal origin. The review acquaints with the immunological aspects of the regulation of these cells in different activity phases of disease. Intercellular interaction with T-lymphocytes (CD40-CD154) leads to orbital fibroblasts activation with increased expression of pathological receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone, as well as production of intercellular matrix components, adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokines and prostaglandins. Detailed morphofunctional characteristics of the orbit fibroblast subpopulations and mechanisms regulating their transdifferentiation into adipocytes and myofibroblasts are given. The analysis of literature data on the effect of T-helper type 17 on the functional activity of Thy1+/Thy1- (CD90+/CD90-) orbital fibroblasts is presented. The importance of the further study of the orbital fibroblasts characteristics in EOP and their intercellular interaction with various immune cells was noted, which may be able to uncover new pathogenetic mechanisms of this pathology.

The roles of immune cells in atherosclerotic calcification

Vascular ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 170853812110327
Author(s):  
Jingsong Cao ◽  
Xuyu Zu ◽  
Jianghua Liu
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Th2 Cells ◽  
Regulatory B Cells ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Helper Type

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of acute cardiovascular events, and vascular calcification is an important pathological phenomenon in atherosclerosis. Recently, many studies have shown that immune cells are closely associated with the development of atherosclerosis and calcification, but there are many conflicting viewpoints because of immune system complications, such as the pro-atherosclerotic and atheroprotective effects of regulatory B cells (Bregs), T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells. In this review, we summarize the studies on the roles of immune cells, especially lymphocytes and macrophages, in atherosclerotic calcification. Furthermore, we prepared graphs showing the relationship between T cells, B cells and macrophages and atherosclerotic calcification. Finally, we highlight some potential issues that are closely associated with the function of immune cells in atherosclerotic calcification. Based on current research results, this review summarizes the relationship between immune cells and atherosclerotic calcification, and it will be beneficial to understand the relationship of immune cells and atherosclerotic calcification.

Simulated microgravity, psychic stress, and immune cells in men: observations during 120-day 6° HDT

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 1736-1743 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Choukèr ◽  
M. Thiel ◽  
V. Baranov ◽  
D. Meshkov ◽  
A. Kotov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
A Current ◽  
T Suppressor Cells

Because 6° head-down tilt (HDT) is an established method to mimic low gravity on earth, the aim of the present study was to determine the effects of 120-day HDT on psychic stress and peripheral blood immune cells in six healthy male volunteers. Psychological state was assessed by a current stress test, and cortisol was measured in saliva. During HDT, all volunteers developed psychic stress, and the diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion was significantly altered. In addition, urine excretion of dopamine and norepinephrine increased. The innate part of the immune response was activated, as evidenced by the increase in the expression of β2-integrins on polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a rise in the number of circulating natural killer (NK) cell lymphocytes. The ratio of T-helper to T-cytotoxic and T-suppressor cells decreased, whereas no changes in T and B lymphocytes were observed. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 increased significantly and returned to basal levels after the end of the HDT period. Thus 6° HDT appears to be a valid model to induce psychic stress and neuroendocrine-related changes in the immune system, changes that might also be encountered by astronauts and cosmonauts during long-duration spaceflights.

scholarly journals Alpha-Synuclein Induced Immune Cells Activation and Associated Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruichen Su ◽  
Tian Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Alpha Synuclein ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Helper Type

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder closely related to immunity. An important aspect of the pathogenesis of PD is the interaction between α-synuclein and a series of immune cells. Studies have shown that accumulation of α-synuclein can induce an autoimmune response that accelerates the progression of PD. This study discusses the mechanisms underlying the interaction between α-synuclein and the immune system. During the development of PD, abnormally accumulated α-synuclein becomes an autoimmune antigen that binds to Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that activate microglia, which differentiate into the microglia type 1 (M1) subtype. The microglia activate intracellular inflammatory pathways, induce the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and promote the differentiation of cluster of differentiation 4 + (CD4 +) T cells into proinflammatory T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 17 (Th17) subtypes. Given the important role of α-synuclein in the immune system of the patients with PD, identifying potential targets of immunotherapy related to α-synuclein is critical for slowing disease progression. An enhanced understanding of immune-associated mechanisms in PD can guide the development of associated therapeutic strategies in the future.

Binding and functional effects of thyroid stimulating hormone on human immune cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Paul Coutelier ◽  
John H. Kehrl ◽  
Shashikumar S. Bellur ◽  
Leonard D. Kohn ◽  
Abner Louis Notkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

scholarly journals Prognosis of severe cytomegalovirus infection in newborns

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-751
Author(s):  
L. V. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
T And B Lymphocytes ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Input Stream ◽  
Intercellular Interaction ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
Systems Of Inequalities ◽  
Consistent Application

Objective is to study the features of impaired activation of T and B lymphocytes in order to predicting severe cytomegalovirus infection in newborns. Materials and methods. 133 newborns with cytomegalovirus infection were examined. Immediately after diagnosing cytomegalovirus infection, all patients observed were immunologically ex amined, including assessing count of peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes, as well as their intercellular interaction by using flow cytometry immunostaining for CD3, CD3+CD28–, CD3+CD28+, CD3–CD28+, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD20+CD40+, CD28, CD40. The test was performed by using a Beckman Coulter Epics XL laser flow cytofluorometer. Depending on the condition severity, all children were divided into two groups: 1 — cytomegalovirus infection, severe form — 60 subjects (45.1%); 2 — cytomegalovirus infection, moderate form — 73 subjects (54.9%). Results of the entire set of studied indicators for cellular and humoral arms of immune system revealed statistically significant differences for the prognosis of severe cytomegalovirus infection: CD3+CD28–, CD20, CD20+CD40+, CD4. T lymphocytes with CD3+CD28+ activation markers, through which costimulating signals necessary for the activation of T helper cells are exerted cell-intrinsic features, serving as an important factor ensuring immune response. Using the “classification trees” method, we developed a differentiated approach to forecast severe cytomegalovirus infection in newborns. Systems of inequalities were obtained, four of which classify a subgroup of newborns with severe cytomegalovirus infection. The consistent application of the obtained inequalities makes it possible to isolate from the input stream of sick patients with a prognosis of the development of severe cytomegalovirus infection. The proposed diagnostic rules can be considered as screening markers for predicting a severe cytomegalovirus infection in newborns, which makes possible the timely onset of specific therapy.

scholarly journals The role of interleukins 17, 23 and antibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor in the pathogenesis of endocrine ophthalmopathy

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Charinzeva ◽  
Elizaveta S. Taskina
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Endocrine Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Background. Endocrine ophthalmopathy (EOP) is an autoimmune orbit disease characterized by soft retrobulbar tissues damage. The level of antibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHRAbs) is considered as a laboratory marker of EOP activity. Interleukins 17 (IL-17) and 23 (IL-23) play an important role in the pathogenesis of some autoimmune diseases and directly correlate with clinical activity. At present, there is an open question about the role of these cytokines in EOP and their relationship with TSHRAbs. Aims. To assess pathogenetic role of IL-17, IL-23 and TSHRAbs in patients with EOP. Materials and methods. The study included 50 people (100 eyes) at the age of 43 [35; 50] years. Three study groups were formed: 32 patients with moderate severity of EOP (clinical group), 18 patients with thyroid pathology without EOP (comparison group) and 15 healthy subjects (control group). All groups were comparable in age and sex. The diagnosis was verified clinically, laboratory and instrumentally. A comprehensive ophthalmologic examination and blood sampling were performed to determine the concentrations of IL-17, IL-23 and TSHRAbs. Statistical processing of the data was carried out in the program “Statistica 10.0”, StatSoft, Inc. Results. An increase in the level of TSHRAbs was observed in all phases of EOP activity in comparison with both comparison group and control (p < 0.05). But in the active phase TSHRAbs level reached the maximum values in 100% of patients. An increase in the IL-17 concentration in 5,3 times was found in the active EOP in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). Concentration of TSHRAbs and IL-17 in blood serum directly correlates with EOP activity (p < 0.001). After carrying out pulse therapy with glucocorticosteroids, the consentration of IL-17 decreased almost to zero. There were no significant differences in the level of IL-23 in the groups (p = 0.56). Conclusions. Determination of TSHRAbs and IL-17 levels in serum can be used as a laboratory diagnostic marker of EOP activity.  

scholarly journals Th17 Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Cytokines, Plasticity, and Therapies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Junjun Zhao ◽  
Qiliang Lu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Zhan Shi ◽  
Linjun Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
T Helper Cells ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
T Helper ◽  
Autoimmune Inflammation ◽  
Th Differentiation ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, autoimmune bowel disease) are a complex disease. Improper activation of the immune system or imbalance of immune cells can cause the immune system to transform into a proinflammatory state, leading to autoimmune pathological damage. Recent studies have shown that autoimmune diseases are closely related to CD4+ T helper cells (Th). The original CD4 T cells will differentiate into different T helper (Th) subgroups after activation. According to their cytokines, the types of Th cells are different to produce lineage-specific cytokines, which play a role in autoimmune homeostasis. When Th differentiation and its cytokines are not regulated, it will induce autoimmune inflammation. Autoimmune bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease of unknown cause. Current research shows that its pathogenesis is closely related to Th17 cells. This article reviews the role and plasticity of the upstream and downstream cytokines and signaling pathways of Th17 cells in the occurrence and development of autoimmune bowel disease and summarizes the new progress of IBD immunotherapy.

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