scholarly journals Cognitive impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence, pathogenetic mechanisms, the effect of antidiabetic drugs

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga D. Ostroumova ◽  
Elena V. Surkova ◽  
Evgenia V. Chikh ◽  
Ekaterina V. Rebrova ◽  
Miron S. Borisov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Antidiabetic Drugs ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Pathogenetic Mechanisms

In recent years, a large amount of data has been accumulated on the relationship between cognitive impairment, dementia and diabetes mellitus. This article presents an overview of modern literature, including the definition of cognitive functions, the modern classification of cognitive impairment, pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetes mellitus influence on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia (neurogenesis, integrity of the blood-brain barrier, systemic inflammatory reactions, hyper- and hypoglycemia, insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction of the microvasculature and increase in glucocorticosteroids). The influence of anti-diabetic medications on cognitive functions has been examined in detail: insulin preparations, oral hypoglycemic agents of the biguanide group (metformin), thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone), sulfonylurea derivatives (glycazide, glipizide), a-glucosidase (acarbose) inhibitors, incretin-directed therapy (receptor agonists glucan-like peptide (exenatide and liraglutide) and inhibitors of dipeptidylpeptidase type 4 (sitagliptin, vildagliptin and alogliptin)), sodium glucose inhibitors cotransporter type 2. The data demonstrating a multidirectional effect on the cognitive functions of various antidiabetic drugs is presented, the possible influence on the rate of progression of cognitive impairment and the risk of dementia of intensive control of plasma glucose level in comparison with the standard decrease in patients with type 2 diabetes is analyzed.

scholarly journals The importance and advantages of the timely prescription of insulin to the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
I R Iarek-Martynova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Therapy ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Adequate Treatment

The onset of insulin therapy is an important stage in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Its timely beginning ensures better control of glycemia and reduces the negative consequences of chronic glucose cytotoxicity and lipotoxicity. The achievement and maintenance of the stable compensation of the disease are the indispensable conditions for successful prophylaxis and adequate treatment of chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. The ADA guidelines recommend to initiate insulin therapy at the early stages of the disease provided it is dictated by the clinical situation or combine it with the use of oral hypoglycemic agents if the targeted HbA1c levels fail to be reached despite the intake of one or more tableted preparations.

scholarly journals Combination Therapy of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Kyong Moon ◽  
Kyu-Yeon Hur ◽  
Seung-Hyun Ko ◽  
Seok-O Park ◽  
Byung-Wan Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents

Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 519-526
Author(s):  
Irene Romera ◽  
Francisco Javier Ampudia-Blasco ◽  
Antonio Pérez ◽  
Bernat Ariño ◽  
Egon Pfarr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents

DPP-4 inhibitors and hypoglycemia in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Iu Sh Khalimov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Clinical Condition ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Novel Approaches

The incidence of hypoglycemia remains rather high among the population of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) especially in those treated with the traditional oral hypoglycemic agents. Hypoglycemia is one of the most frequent adverse events encountered by a physician dealing with diabetic (DM2) patients. At the same time, the novel approaches are currently available that allow this clinical condition to be avoided.

scholarly journals Study of lipid lowering effects of oral antidiabetic drugs in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashikala E. ◽  
Somnath Motgi ◽  
Raghawa Rao B. N. V. ◽  
Mohd Abdul Sattar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Antidiabetic Drugs ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Oral Antidiabetic Drugs ◽  
Oral Antidiabetic ◽  
Group I

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common non-communicable diseases associated with ‘atherogenic dyslipidemia’ The treatment of T2DM often is initiated with oral antidiabetic drugs, most of which not only decrease blood sugar levels effectively but also decrease the lipid levels. Hence the current study is aimed to determine the effectiveness of oral hypoglycemic agents in dealing with associated dyslipidemia.Methods: 150 T2DM patients were divided equally into five groups depending upon the oral antidiabetic drugs they received in solo or in combination for 24 weeks, with equal number of males and females in each group. After the written consent, a detail clinical history, clinical examination, Biochemical investigations including, glycosylated haemoglobin and lipid profile, chest X-ray and ECG were done.Results: After 24 weeks of study, the mean total cholesterol and mean triglycerides decreased significantly (p <0.05 to p <0.01) with monotherapy of metformin and teneligliptin as well as with combination of either metformin and glimepiride or metformin and teneligliptin. The decrease of LDL-C and VLDL-C was not statistically significant with any of the OAD drugs in solo or in combination. Similarly, HDL-C increased significantly (p <0.05) in Group I, III, IV and V; but was most effective with combination therapy. The atherogenic index of plasma also decreased (p <0.05) with metformin or its combination with either teneligliptin or glimepiride.Conclusions: Oral antidiabetic drugs are not only affordable and effective hypoglycemic agents but can also decrease serum lipids and thereby aids in the prevention and management of atherosclerosis and its complications in T2DM.

scholarly journals Glycemic Control of Type 2 Diabetic Patients Managed in Tertiary Care Internal Medicine Clinics Using HbA1c

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Helal S. Alenezi ◽  
Mubasher Kharal ◽  
Muhammad Yousuf ◽  
Yousef Al Saleh ◽  
Salih Bin Salih
Keyword(s):  
Internal Medicine ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
American Diabetes Association ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents

Background /Objective: The aim was to assess the glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using American Diabetes Association HbA1c definition of good control of ≤ 7.0%. Methods: This retrospective study conducted in internal medicine outpatient clinics at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. All patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the clinic from August 2005 to January 2006 were evaluated. Patients with HbA1c measured regularly and under anti-diabetic therapy were included in the study. Last measured HbA1c was used to evaluate diabetic control. Results: Data for 968 (81.5%) patients out of 1188 were available for analysis. Only 211 (21.8%) patients had their HbA1c within the American Diabetes Association recommended target of HbA1c ≤ 7%. Mean HbA1c was 8.98%. Patients were stratified into groups of good (HbA1c £ 7%), average (HbA1c 7.1% - 9.9%) and poor diabetic control (HbA1c ≥ 10%) included 21.8%, 46.2% and 32.0% of the study population, respectively. Mean HbA1c in patients on diabetic diet only, oral hypoglycemic agents, insulin, and oral hypoglycemic agents plus insulin was 7.62%, 8.67%, 8.92% and 9.70%, respectively. Conclusion: Majority of patients in our study did not meet the American Diabetes Association recommended target HbA1c for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Causes for this failure need to be assessed in Saudi type 2 diabetes mellitus population.

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