scholarly journals Extending the planting period of dormant and growing Norway spruce container seedlings to early summer

Silva Fennica ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaana Luoranen ◽  
Risto Rikala ◽  
Kyösti Konttinen ◽  
Heikki Smolander
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Container Seedlings

Climatic determinants of introduced Sitka spruce in Hiiumaa Island, Estonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
Alar Läänelaid ◽  
Samuli Helama
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Winter Temperature ◽  
Moisture Regime ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growth Variability ◽  
Tree Ring Data ◽  
Winter Temperatures

Tree-ring records of Sitka spruce growing in Hiiumaa (Estonia) were investigated to illustrate their growth variability and its climatic determinants. A chronology comprising ring-width series of eight big individuals from the Suuremõisa forest park was correlated with local climatic records. The growth variability of this species introduced to Hiiumaa was statistically explained profoundly by winter temperature and early-spring precipitation. Comparisons were also made with local tree-ring data of Norway spruce. Interestingly, both the native and non-native species responded positively to precipitation in June and negatively to precipitation in April. Previous studies have shown that the winter temperature response, demonstrated here for Sitka spruce, is found as Norway spruce growth responses in eastern Estonia, whereas in western Estonia the growth of the latter species is more clearly connected, similar to our findings, to early-summer precipitation. These findings indicate that while the both spruce species remain sensitive to spring/summer moisture regime, the growth of Sitka spruce may actually be less tolerate to winter temperatures, as evident here in western Estonia where the winters may likely be milder than in eastern Estonia. Common to Sitka spruce results from Hiiumaa, tree-ring data representing conspecific native populations from north-west North American sites indicated positive responses to mid-winter temperatures. Based on these results, low winter temperatures and early-summer droughts may both threaten the survival of the remnant individuals of this species in Hiiumaa.

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN PRIMARY LENTICELS OF NORWAY SPRUCE OVER THE SEASONS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Rosner ◽  
Birgit Kartusch
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Phase 3

Seasonal production of lenticel tissues was compared between Norway spruce trees (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from a mountain site (1200 m), where they are autochthonous, and seven allochthonous lowland sites (250–600 m).The periodic changes of lenticel structure were grouped into four stages, based on the degree of their opening: phase 1 - winter dormancy; phase 2 - beginning of meristem activity in spring; phase 3 - production of non-suberised filling tissue in early summer, which causes the disruption of the closing layer formed in the previous growing season; and phase 4 - differentiation of a new closing layer in late summer. Structural changes in lenticels of P. abies may be interpreted as a long-term reaction to climatic conditions, balancing transpiration and respiration. During the most active period of wood production, lenticels were found in their most permeable phase, phase 3. The production of a new closing layer takes place when summer temperatures reach maximum values, and when demand for effective regulation of transpiration is high. During phase 4 transpiration is successfully controlled because differentiating cells of the new closing layer are already suberised, although not in their final rounded shape, and therefore have small intercellular spaces. High annual variability in stratification of lenticel tissues, such as the proportion between closing layer and filling tissue, wall thickening and size of intercellular spaces, also indicates possible long-term regulation mechanisms for transpiration.

scholarly journals Covering Norway spruce container seedlings with reflective shading cloth during field storage affects seedling post-planting growth

New Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Tikkinen ◽  
Johanna Riikonen ◽  
Jaana Luoranen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Container Seedlings ◽  
Growing Seasons

AbstractThe field storage of container seedlings is often a necessity after the seedlings have been transported from nurseries close to the regeneration area. Suboptimal storage conditions can lead to reduced growth or even seedling mortality. Supporting favourable conditions for the seedlings during storage requires labour, especially for the watering of seedlings, and therefore increases the costs of forest regeneration. In this study, we examined the effects of covering Norway spruce container seedlings with a reflective shading cloth and neglecting the watering during field storage. This was done by measuring the drying of the seedlings during field storage, the rooting of the seedlings when planting, and the subsequent survival and performance in the field two and three growing seasons after planting. The study comprised one-year-old Norway spruce container seedlings covered with reflective shading cloth and seedlings with no cover (subject to rainfall) in 2012 and 2013; additionally, in 2013, replicates from both treatments were stored in conditions where rainfall was impeded. The stem water potential was measured, a rooting test was carried out, and the seedlings were planted in the test field weekly over 42 days of field storage without watering. As a novel finding, the results indicate that covering the seedlings with a reflective shading cloth during the field storage increased the risk of grey mould in summer storage and led to negative effects regarding post planting seedling development. The application of a shading cloth directly on the seedlings cannot be recommended to prolong the watering intervals during field storage in the current climatic conditions in Southern Finland, where the risk of grey mould is high.

scholarly journals Seasonal measurements of total OH reactivity fluxes, total ozone loss rates and missing emissions from Norway spruce in 2011

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 13497-13536
Author(s):  
A.C. Nölscher ◽  
E. Bourtsoukidis ◽  
B. Bonn ◽  
J. Kesselmeier ◽  
J. Lelieveld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Total Ozone ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Unknown Primary ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Loss Rates

Abstract. Numerous reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted into the atmosphere by vegetation. Most biogenic VOCs are highly reactive towards the atmosphere's most important oxidant, the hydroxyl (OH) radical. One way to investigate the chemical interplay between biosphere and atmosphere is through the measurement of total OH reactivity, the total loss rate of OH radicals. This study presents the first determination of total OH reactivity emission rates (measurements via the Comparative Reactivity Method) based on a branch cuvette enclosure system mounted on a Norway spruce (Picea abies) throughout spring, summer and autumn 2011. In parallel separate VOC emission rates were monitored by a Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS), and total ozone (O3) loss rates were obtained inside the cuvette. Total OH reactivity emission rates were in general temperature and light dependent, showing strong diel cycles with highest values during daytime. Monoterpene emissions contributed most, accounting for 56–69% of the measured total OH reactivity flux in spring and early summer. However, during late summer and autumn the monoterpene contribution decreased to 11–16%. At this time, a large missing fraction of the total OH reactivity emission rate (70–84%) was found when compared to the VOC budget measured by PTR-MS. Total OH reactivity and missing total OH reactivity emission rates reached maximum values in late summer corresponding to the period of highest temperature. Total O3 loss rates within the closed cuvette showed similar diel profiles and comparable seasonality to the total OH reactivity fluxes. Total OH reactivity fluxes were also compared to emissions from needle storage pools predicted by a temperature-only dependent algorithm. Deviations of total OH reactivity fluxes from the temperature-only dependent emission algorithm were observed for occasions of mechanical and heat stress. While for mechanical stress, induced by strong wind, measured VOCs could explain total OH reactivity emissions, during heat stress they could not. The temperature driven algorithm matched the diel course much better in spring than in summer, indicating a different production and emission scheme for summer and early autumn. During these times, unmeasured and possibly unknown primary biogenic emissions contributed significantly to the observed total OH reactivity flux.

scholarly journals Seasonal measurements of total OH reactivity emission rates from Norway spruce in 2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 4241-4257 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Nölscher ◽  
E. Bourtsoukidis ◽  
B. Bonn ◽  
J. Kesselmeier ◽  
J. Lelieveld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Unknown Primary ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Diel Variation ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Loss Rates

Abstract. Numerous reactive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted into the atmosphere by vegetation. Most biogenic VOCs are highly reactive towards the atmosphere's most important oxidant, the hydroxyl (OH) radical. One way to investigate the chemical interplay between biosphere and atmosphere is through the measurement of total OH reactivity, the total loss rate of OH radicals. This study presents the first determination of total OH reactivity emission rates (measurements via the comparative reactivity method) based on a branch cuvette enclosure system mounted on a Norway spruce (Picea abies) throughout spring, summer and autumn 2011. In parallel VOC emission rates were monitored by a second proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), and total ozone (O3) loss rates were obtained inside the cuvette. Total OH reactivity emission rates were in general temperature and light dependent, showing strong diel cycles with highest values during daytime. Monoterpene emissions contributed most, accounting for 56–69% of the measured total OH reactivity flux in spring and early summer. However, during late summer and autumn the monoterpene contribution decreased to 11–16%. At this time, a large missing fraction of the total OH reactivity emission rate (70–84%) was found when compared to the VOC budget measured by PTR-MS. Total OH reactivity and missing total OH reactivity emission rates reached maximum values in late summer corresponding to the period of highest temperature. Total O3 loss rates within the closed cuvette showed similar diel profiles and comparable seasonality to the total OH reactivity fluxes. Total OH reactivity fluxes were also compared to emissions from needle storage pools predicted by a temperature-only-dependent algorithm. Deviations of total OH reactivity fluxes from the temperature-only-dependent emission algorithm were observed for occasions of mechanical and heat stress. While for mechanical stress, induced by strong wind, measured VOCs could explain total OH reactivity emissions, during heat stress they could not. The temperature-driven algorithm matched the diel variation of total OH reactivity emission rates much better in spring than in summer, indicating a different production and emission scheme for summer and early autumn. During these times, unmeasured and possibly unknown primary biogenic emissions contributed significantly to the observed total OH reactivity flux.

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