scholarly journals Profitability of growing Scots pine on cutaway peatlands

Silva Fennica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Aro ◽  
Anssi Ahtikoski ◽  
Jyrki Hytönen
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
The Interest Rate

A major after-use option for former peat harvesting areas has been afforestation. The profitability of afforestation with Scots pine trees ( L.) was studied in two 31–32-year old experiments in southern and northern Finland. The stands were established by seeding and planting, and various fertilization treatments and drainage intensities were tested. The financial performance for each plot was assessed in three steps. First, the costs occurred during the measurement time were summed up according to their present value. Then, for the rest of the rotation (i.e., from the age of 31/32 onwards) the stand management was optimized in order to maximize the net present value (MaxNPV). Finally, bare land values (BLVs) were calculated by summing up the present value of costs and the MaxNPV and converting the sum of the series into infinity. The afforestation method did not affect the mean annual increment (MAI; 9.2–9.5 m ha a) in the southern experiment. In the northern experiment the afforestation method, ditch spacing and fertilization had significant effects on the MAI of the stands. The average MAI of the planted pines was 8.9 m ha a, and for seeded pines it was 7.5 m ha a. The BLV at an interest rate of 3% was positive for all stands in both regions. In the northern region afforestation method, ditch spacing and fertilization also had a significant effect on the BLV. When the interest rate was 5%, almost two thirds of the stands had a negative BLV in both regions.Pinus sylvestris3–1–13–1–13–1–1

A dynamic programming algorithm for optimization of uneven-aged forest stands

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1758-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Anderson ◽  
B. Bruce Bare
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Programming Algorithm ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
The Impact

A deterministic dynamic programming formulation of the transition uneven-aged stand management problem is presented. Using a previously published northern hardwoods growth model, a forward recursive, discrete, two-state problem that maximizes the net present value of harvested trees at each stage is developed. State variables represent the total number of trees and the total basal area per acre. A neighborhood storage concept previously published is used to reduce the number of states considered at each stage. Two harvest allocation rules are used to assign the harvested basal area to individual diameter classes. Terminal end point conditions and stage to stage sustainability are not required. Results from four base runs of the model are presented and compared with previously published results. Each run produces significantly different optimal paths, with one showing a higher net present value than any previously published. Sensitivity runs illustrate the impact of changes in interest rates, width of neighborhood storage class, and initial conditions. Dynamic programming offers promise for analyzing uneven-aged stand management problems.

scholarly journals Economic analysis of sustainable management of candeia

CERNE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Donizette de Oliveira ◽  
Ivonise Silva Andrade Ribeiro ◽  
José Roberto Soares Scolforo ◽  
José Márcio de Mello ◽  
José Luiz Pereira de Rezende
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Planning Horizon ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
The Interest Rate

Candeia wood (Eremanthus erythropappus) is widely used for production of essential oil and its active ingredient, alpha-bisabolol, is consumed by both the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry. This study aimed to determine the productivity and operating costs associated with exploration, transportation and commercialization of candeia timber obtained from sustainable management systems and used for oil production; to determine the gross income or revenue obtained from the sale of candeia timber; to analyze the economic feasibility of sustainable management of candeia. For the economic analysis, Net Present Value, Net Present Value over an infinite planning horizon, and Average Cost of Production methods were used. Results indicated that the most significant costs associated with candeia forest management involve transportation and exploration. Together they account for 64% of the total management cost. Candeia forest management for oil production is economically feasible, even in situations where the interest rate is high or timber price drops to levels well below currently effective prices. As far as candeia forest management is concerned, shorter harvest cycles allow higher profitability. However, even in situations where the harvest cycle is relatively long (30 years), the activity is still economically feasible.

scholarly journals TINGKAT KELAYAKAN OPERASIONAL KAPAL PERIKANAN 30 GT PADA PERAIRAN SULAWESI (STUDI KASUS KM INKA MINA 957) The Operational Feasibility Level of 30 GT Fishing Vessel in Sulawesi Waters (case study of KM INKA MINA 957)

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Andi Haris Muhammad ◽  
Daeng Paroka ◽  
Sabaruddin Rahman ◽  
` Syarifuddin
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Fishing Vessel ◽  
Internal Rate ◽  
Market Interest Rate

<p><em>The ability of a vessel to obtain catches is known as fishing vessel productivity. This greatly influences the feasibility level of the fishing operation. The objctive of the study is to evaluate the operational feasiblity level of 30 GT fishing vessel that operates in Sulawesi waters (case study INKA MINA 957). The use of  Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) methods showed that the catch should be of more than minimum 116 ton per year or the NPV value at  Rp. 124.797.638,- with 10% interest rate assumption within 10 years. Furthermore, based on the internal rate of return (IRR) the interest obtained was approximately 12.2% which was higher than the market interest rate assumptions at about 2.2%</em><em>.</em> <em></em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>fishing vessel, operational feasibility, NPV and IRR</em></p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="Abstrakisi">Produktivitas kapal perikanan adalah kemampuan kapal untuk memperoleh hasil tangkapan ikan. Produktivitas ini sangat mempengaruhi tingkat kelayakan operasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat kelayakan operasional kapal perikanan 30 GT yang beroperasi di perairan Sulawesi (studi kasus KM INKA MINA 957). Metode <em>Net Present Value (NPV)</em> dan <em>Internal Rate of Return (IRR)</em> telah digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat kelayakan operasional. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kapal perikanan layak dioperasikan dengan prediksi hasil tangkapan minimal sebesar 116 ton pertahun atau nilai <em>NPV</em> sebesar Rp.124.797.638,- dengan asumsi suku bunga 10% selama 10 tahun. Selanjutnya berdasarkan Metode <em>IRR</em> diperoleh suku bunga 12,2%, hasil ini lebih besar 2,2% sebagaimana asumsi suku bunga dipasaran.</p><p><em><strong>Kata kunci:</strong> kapal perikanan, kelayakan operasional, <em>NPV</em> dan <em>IRR</em><br /></em></p>

scholarly journals Analisa Kelayakan Finansial Usaha Internet Wireles pada Multinet Aircom Muara Bulian

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Muryati Muryati ◽  
Kasyati Yunita W
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Internet Business ◽  
The Cost

This research aims to analyze the financial feasibility of Wireles Internet at Multinet Aircom Muara Bulian in Muara Bulian. Using the analysis of investment criteria Net Present Value (NPV), Net B/C Ratio, Internal Rate Of Return (IRR) and Payback Pariod. Results of the calculation of Internet business eligibility criteria wireles on Multinet Aircom in Muara Bulian obtained the calculation result of Net Present Value (NPV) of Rp. 106,357,720,-indicating that the Internet business investment wireles on Multinet Aircom in Muara Bulian give a profit of Rp. 106,357,720,-results Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net B/C) obtained by 2.1 > 1, this indicates that for each current value of the expenditure of Rp. 1,-will provide benefits amounting to Rp. 2.1. The result of Internal Rte Of Return (IRR) calculation obtained by 22% greater than the prevailing interest rate of 12% it shows that wireles internet business is feasible to run because IRR is greater than the prevailing bank interest rate. The result of calculation of return on investment (Payback Pariod) in Internet business Wireles indicates that the business is gaining a return on investment for 2 years 9 months 28 days means in that period the cost of investment incurred can be returned, so the faster the period of refund of investment costs, then the effort is carried out better.

scholarly journals The Present Value of a Series of Cashflows: Convergence in a Random Environment

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. G. Cairns
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Random Environment ◽  
General Class ◽  
Almost Sure Convergence ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Rate Process ◽  
Present Value ◽  
The Interest Rate

AbstractThe present paper considers the present value, Z(t), of a series of cashflows up to some time t. More specifically, the cashflows and the interest rate process will often be stochastic and not necessarily independent of one another or through time. We discuss under what circumstances Z(t) will converge almost surely to some finite value as t→∞. This problem has previously been considered by Dufresne (1990) who provided a sufficient condition for almost sure convergence of Z(t) (the Root Test) and then proceeded to consider some specific examples of such processes. Here, we develop Dufresne's work and show that the sufficient condition for convergence can be proved to hold for quite a general class of model which includes the growing number of Office Models with stochastic cashflows.

Economics of harvesting boreal uneven-aged mixed-species forests

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1102-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne Rämö ◽  
Olli Tahvonen
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Volume Yield ◽  
Gradient Based ◽  
The Interest Rate

The subject of this study is the economics of harvesting boreal uneven-aged mixed-species forests consisting of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), birch (Betula pendula Roth and B. pubescens Ehrh.), and other broadleaves. The analysis is based on an economic description of uneven-aged forestry, applying a size-structured model. The optimization problem is solved in its general dynamic form using gradient-based interior point methods. When volume yield is maximized, the optimal steady state is a nearly pure Norway spruce stand at all site types, producing slightly higher yields than single-species stands. After including sawlog and pulpwood prices, the net present value of stumpage revenues is maximized using 1%, 3%, and 5% interest rates and a 15-year harvesting interval. At less productive sites, the stands are nearly pure Norway spruce stands, regardless of the interest rate. At more productive sites, increasing the interest rate increases the species diversity, with optimal steady states consisting of both Norway spruce and birch. In some cases, rather small changes in relative prices change the optimal steady state into a birch-dominated stand. Optimal solutions converge to the same steady-state solutions, independent of the initial stand state. If other broadleaves without commercial value are not harvested, they will eventually dominate the stand.

scholarly journals Analysis capital budgeting investment projects substation 150 kV for tires company

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Andi Setyawan ◽  
Hasbullah Hasbullah
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Capital Budgeting ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
The Interest Rate

The electricity consumption continues to increase, including in Indonesia, where the average electricity consumption rises 6.86% per year. In line with the ever-increasing production needs of companies needing more electrical energy during these electrical disturbances often occur due to power shortage. Therefore, the company proposes the investment of the construction of substations 150kv Expected to improve the reliability of electrical energy supply. This research conducted to analyze the value of investment carried by tire companies using historical data and company forecasts using the technical method of economics to analyze its finances. Based on the calculation result with the Payback period (PP) and Discounted Payback Period generates 5.35 years and 6.24 years.  Meanwhile, in the calculation of net present value (NPV) obtained favorable results in the 6th year of Rp 40,944,770,640.32, using an interest rate of 5%. In the calculation of the internal rate of return (IRR), the result of 5.5% concluded that the project return is higher than the minimum attractive rate of return (MARR) of the company by 5.17% of the Bank Indonesia interest rate. Then based on the sensitivity analysis gained that the lower the interest rate on this project, then the faster the return on the investment, and vice versa. The overall analysis of the scenario stated that the investment is worthy of running because it brings profit directly to the company.

scholarly journals ANALISIS INVESTASI PROYEK PENGADAAN CT-SCANNER TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PERUSAHAAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Indri Gustirani
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Scenario Analysis ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Ct Scanner ◽  
Present Value

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan investasi CT-Scanner terhadap pendapatan perusahaan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kasus yaitu dengan menganalisis  dan estimasi jumlah pasien yang akan menggunakan CT-Scanner dengan menggunakan Metode Eksponential Smoothing with Trend Adjustment; menganalisis jumlah pendapatan yang diterima perusahaan dan biaya yang ditanggung oleh perusahaan termasuk biaya penyusutan atas peralatan tersebut; menganalisis kelayakan investasi dengan menggunakan perhitungan atas Net Present Value NPV), Interest Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period, dan Profitability Index (PI); dan menganalisis risiko investasi dengan menggunakan metode sensitivity analysis, scenario analysis, dan break-even cashflow.. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa investasi CT Scan layak untuk dilaksanakan dengan menghasilkan pendapatan perusahaan sebesar Rp 3.106.732.785,- dan rumah sakit sebesar Rp 1.672.856.115, serta proyeksi arus kas sebesar Rp  1.724.082.518,- pada tahun ke-10.

Markov Branching Decision Chains with Interest-Rate-Dependent Rewards

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Huang ◽  
Arthur F. Veinott
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Linear Program ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Constraint Matrix ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
The One

Finite-state-and-action Markov branching decision chains are studied with bounded endogenous expected population sizes and interest-rate-dependent one-period rewards that are analytic in the interest rate at zero. The existence of a stationary strong-maximum-present-value policy is established. Miller and Veinott's [1969] strong policy-improvement method is generalized to find in finite time a stationary n-present-value optimal policy and, when the one-period rewards are rational in the interest rate, a stationary strong-maximum-present-value policy. This extends previous studies of Blackwell [1962], Miller and Veinott [1969], Veinott [1974], and Rothblum [1974, 1975], in which the one-period rewards are independent of the interest rate, and Denardo [1971] in which semi-Markov decision chains with small interest rates are studied. The problem of finding a stationary n-present-value optimal policy is also formulated as a staircase linear program in which the objective function and right-hand sides, but not the constraint matrix, depend on the interest rate, and solutions for all small enough positive interest rates are sought. The optimal solutions of the primal and dual are polynomials in the reciprocal of the interest rate. A constructive rule is given for finding a stationary n-present-value optimal policy from an optimal solution of the asymptotic linear program. This generalizes the linear programming approaches for finding maximum-reward-rate and maximum-present-value policies for Markov decision chains studied by Manne [1960], d'Epenoux [1960, 1963], Balinski [1961], Derman [1962], Denardo and Fox [1968], Denardo [1970], Derman and Veinott [1972], Veinott [1973], and Hordijk and Kallenberg [1979, 1984].

scholarly journals Possibilistic Fuzzy Net Present Value Model and Application

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Appadoo
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Possibility Theory ◽  
Moment Generating Function ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Present Value Model ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Value Model

The cash flow values and the interest rate in the net present value (NPV) model are usually specified by either crisp numbers or random variables. In this paper, we first discuss some of the recent developments in possibility theory and find closed form expressions for fuzzy possibilistic net present value (FNPV). Then, following Carlsson and Fullér (2001), we discuss some of the possibilistic moments related to FNPV model along with an illustrative numerical example. We also give a unified approach to find higher order moments of FNPV by using the moment generating function introduced by Paseka et al. (2011).

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