scholarly journals Research on early mammalian development in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2-3) ◽  
pp. 109-121
Author(s):  
Polani B. Seshagiri ◽  
Venkatappa Vani
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Early Mammalian Development

Historically, research in India on early mammalian development had only begun, rather modestly, in the last century, unlike the USA and UK. In India, initial studies were on gonadal and reproductive tissue development and function and they were limited to anatomical and histological characterization. This was followed by research on fertility regulation and contraception. Since the 1960s, a major initiative took place regarding endocrine biochemistry and the use of antifertility agents in inhibiting gonadal function and early development. Post-independence, the Indian government´s funding support enabled universities and institutions to embark on various research disciplines in biology but with no particular emphasis on developmental biology per se. Subsequently, India made significant progress in the area of mammalian reproduction and development, but not specifically in the core aspects of developmental biology. Reasons for this could be due to the nation’s compulsion to invest and embark on socio-economic and infrastructure development and on research involving family planning methods for reversible-affordable contraceptives to curtail population growth. With regard to the latter, biologists were involved in hormone-based contraception research. During this pursuit, insights were achieved into basic aspects of the development of gonads, gametes and embryos. Notwithstanding this, in the post-1980s through to the present time, Indian scientists have contributed to (i) the understanding of the cellular and molecular regulation of early development, (ii) developing genetically modified mouse models, (iii) using assisted reproductive technologies, generating mammalian progeny, including humans and (iv) deriving pluripotent stem cell lines for developmental studies. This article provides a perspective on the past and current status of early mammalian development research in India.

scholarly journals Current Status of Sex Sorted Semen and its Long Term effect on Population Dynamics and Y-Chromosome Degeneration of the Breed Among Dairy Animals in Jharkhand, India: A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
N. Kumari ◽  
S. Prasad ◽  
A. K. Pandey ◽  
S. Dash ◽  
R. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Y Chromosome Degeneration

Sex Sorted Semen gives the liberty of producing offspring of the desired sex - in farming animals by using it in conjunction with other assisted reproductive technologies such as Artificial Insemination and In-Vitro Fertilization after selecting the healthy sperm and separating into X-Female and Y-male Chromosome bearing populations based on their DNA content. It is an important biotechnological tool to increase the milk production and the profitability of Dairy Industry. Current study deals with the Principle, methods, main method, advantages, disadvantages and the current status of Sex sorted semen in India and Jharkhand. The main emphasis of this study is to draw the attention of Scientific fraternity towards the effect of Sex Sorted Semen on Population dynamics. The Sex Sorted semen increases the deviation of ratio between Male and Female Population from ideal 1:1, thereby decreasing the effective population size Ne and thus slowly reducing the viability and survivability of the population or breed concerned. Further the already depleting Y chromosomes will be reaped off all its genes in long run at a faster rate due to antagonistic selection pressure arising out of Artificial selection via Sex Sorted Semen acting against all the gene of Y chromosome of the breed or population concerned which might disturb many vital genes and the associated functions. The degeneration and extinction of scientists have been predicted long ago. The effect of Sex Sorted semen on Y- chromosome degeneration is yet to be pointed out, calculated and subsequently verified in any of the literatures. SSS is indeed a boon for India as well as Jharkhand. It might be too early to predict about the negative impact of SSS on population dynamics and Y-Chromosome degeneration. Further research work must be done to assess the extent and authencity of above mentioned impact( Predicted  theoretically) by calculation as well as practical field based Experimentation.

Livestock in biomedical research: history, current status and future prospective

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina A. Polejaeva ◽  
Heloisa M. Rutigliano ◽  
Kevin D. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Large Animal Models

Livestock models have contributed significantly to biomedical and surgical advances. Their contribution is particularly prominent in the areas of physiology and assisted reproductive technologies, including understanding developmental processes and disorders, from ancient to modern times. Over the past 25 years, biomedical research that traditionally embraced a diverse species approach shifted to a small number of model species (e.g. mice and rats). The initial reasons for focusing the main efforts on the mouse were the availability of murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and genome sequence data. This powerful combination allowed for precise manipulation of the mouse genome (knockouts, knockins, transcriptional switches etc.) leading to ground-breaking discoveries on gene functions and regulation, and their role in health and disease. Despite the enormous contribution to biomedical research, mouse models have some major limitations. Their substantial differences compared with humans in body and organ size, lifespan and inbreeding result in pronounced metabolic, physiological and behavioural differences. Comparative studies of strategically chosen domestic species can complement mouse research and yield more rigorous findings. Because genome sequence and gene manipulation tools are now available for farm animals (cattle, pigs, sheep and goats), a larger number of livestock genetically engineered (GE) models will be accessible for biomedical research. This paper discusses the use of cattle, goats, sheep and pigs in biomedical research, provides an overview of transgenic technology in farm animals and highlights some of the beneficial characteristics of large animal models of human disease compared with the mouse. In addition, status and origin of current regulation of GE biomedical models is also reviewed.

scholarly journals DNA Methyltransferase Is Actively Retained in the Cytoplasm during Early Development

1999 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cristina Cardoso ◽  
Heinrich Leonhardt
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Nuclear Localization ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Blastocyst Stage ◽  
Mammalian Development ◽  
Nuclear Localization Signals ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Early Mammalian Development ◽  
Dna Substrate

The overall DNA methylation level sharply decreases from the zygote to the blastocyst stage despite the presence of high levels of DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt1). Surprisingly, the enzyme is localized in the cytoplasm of early embryos despite the presence of several functional nuclear localization signals. We mapped a region in the NH2-terminal, regulatory domain of Dnmt1 that is necessary and sufficient for cytoplasmic retention during early development. Altogether, our results suggest that Dnmt1 is actively retained in the cytoplasm, which prevents binding to its DNA substrate in the nucleus and thereby contributes to the erasure of gamete-specific epigenetic information during early mammalian development.

Therapeutic insemination by donor I: A review of its efficacy

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
John K Critser ◽  
Jeanne V Linden
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Semen Collection ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Human Reproductive ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Of all the assisted reproductive technologies in current use, artificial insemination has by far the longest history. While the earliest verifiable reports using this technique date to the eighteenth century for nonhuman artificial insemination and to the nineteenth century for human artificial insemination, systematic use of this approach to assist reproduction did not occur until the early part of this century. During the early 1900s, in Russia, Ivanov developed methods for semen collection from and insemination of horses. These techniques were later modified to apply to other agriculturally important species so that by the 1930s, millions of horses, cattle and sheep were being bred using artificial insemination. The adaptation of widespread use of artificial insemination (primarily in cattle) in agriculture extended to Britain in the early 1940s and to the USA in the 1950s. Corresponding implementation of artificial insemination in human reproductive medicine closely followed these innovations in the animal husbandry field.

scholarly journals Analysis of costs and results of assisted reproductive technologies in the world and Ukraine

2018 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Kh.-O. J. Stasiv ◽  
O. M. Zaliska
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
State Funding ◽  
Art Programs ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Number Of Cycles ◽  
The Cost

Taking into account the demographic situation in Ukraine, the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) is an urgent task for increasing access to modern, expensive methods of infertility treatment. The aim of this study was to summarize the legislative requirements for the implementation of ART, the number of cycles, depending on the type, and the costs for ART in the leading countries of the world and in Ukraine. We showed, that most countries in Europe have budgetary financing for a certain number of cycles, while the medical restrictions and age requirements for parents are included. It was revealed that the highest costs for ART are in the USA, the lowest in Japan and Scandinavian countries. We calculated the rate of provision for IVF and ICSI cycles per 1 million population (Kart) and the countries were ranked into 3 groups. It was shown that Ukraine belongs to countries with a low indicator ‒ less than 500 cycles. Leading countries of Europe, which have government funding for ART (France, Germany, Sweden), are characterized by a high Kart. The need to increase budgetary financing for ART in Ukraine is shown. The cost analysis for ART according to official websites of private clinics was conducted in Ukraine. We established that the average cost per 1 cycle of IVF was 52 584 UAH, for 1 cycle of ICSI was 6 694 UAH. The calculated solvency adequacy ratio for IVF was 703, it indicates a low availability for the population, and for ICSI is 89, which in 7.9 more affordable for families. It was found that in 7 clinics there are no Internet pages, and on the websites of 12 clinics information on the cost of services is shown, without taking into account the use of drugs in the protocols of ART. According to the different approaches to informing on websites of the ART clinics, it is advisable to unify the information providing on the sites about the availability of cycles and the total costs for them to improve provision and access for patients. Therefore, it is important to increase the state funding for ART programs.

scholarly journals Does every family couple that being treated with assisted reproductive technologies need to use preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A)?

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-320
Author(s):  
O. L. Lyovkina ◽  
S. S. Derii ◽  
Y. R. Kuzmenko
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Reproductive Medicine ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Preimplantation Genetic Testing ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Further Development

The increase in the frequency of using assisted reproductive technologies (ART) dictates the need for pre-implantation diagnosis of embryos to determine which of them are euploid and recommended for embryo transfer (ET), since the main cause of implantation failures when using in vitro fertilization (IVF) is ET aneuploid or mosaic ETs or mosaic imitations that use in vitro fertilization (IVF) is ET aneuploid or mosaic imitative failures when using in vitro fertilization (IVF) is ET aneuploid or mosaic imitations. . For this purpose, the PGT-A technology was created, since the appearance of which and its further development there have been discussions about the feasibility of using PGT-A for each pair, which turned to the use of ART. The purpose of this literature review is to describe the current status of PGT-A and determine the prospects for its widespread adoption in the practice of reproductive medicine. A literature search was carried out in the PubMed and Cochrane databases for the last 10 years. An analysis of the literature has shown that IVF with PGT-A technology has significant advantages over traditional IVF; The technology has a number of technical and financial limitations, which makes it difficult to massively introduce technology into the practice of reproductive medicine, therefore at this stage there should be clear indications for using IVF with PGT-A.

scholarly journals LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES BY PERSONS, NOT MARRIED AMONG THEMSELVES, IN RUSSIA AND THE USA

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Анна Назарова ◽  
Anna Nazarova
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

This article is devoted to analysis of legal regulation of the use of assisted reproductive technologies by persons, not married among themselves, in the Russia and the United States. The purpose of this work is due to the increase in the number of actual marital relations in the modern world and the emergence of new ways of human reproduction. In Russia 13% of the adult population are in unregistered marriages. For best results of the investigation, the author used a comparative legal method, that allows to consider the experience of not only Russia, but also foreign countries. The author of the article examines the existing in Russia and the US versions of legal regulation of the use of assisted reproductive technologies by persons not married to each other. The author compares the regulation of the legal consequences of persons, married and non-married among themselves. As a result of the conducted research the author comes to the conclusion that in Russia the legal regulation of the effects of the use of assisted reproductive technologies differ depending on the marital status among themselves. Persons, who are not married, are not subject to special provisions of the Family Code of the Russian Federation, dedicated to regulation of the legal implications of the use of reproductive technologies. In the US it is fixed the same procedure for determining the origin of a child, conceived by nontraditional means, regardless of the status of persons in marriage.

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