Why We Sleep: Structure, Function, and Sleep Deprivation

The relationship of sleep mechanisms and epileptogenesis

Almanac of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.18786/2072-0505-2020-48-006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 44-55

Author(s):

A. B. Kozhokaru ◽

P. N. Vlasov ◽

A. S. Orlova

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Epileptiform Activity ◽

Epileptic Seizures ◽

Epileptiform Discharge ◽

Sleep Structure ◽

Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽

Epileptic Syndrome ◽

The Common ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Close links between epilepsy and sleep is doubtless; however, the available literature does not allow for its unequivocal interpretation from the common pathophysiological mechanisms' perspective. GABAergic neuronal deficiency is believed to be the neurochemical background of the intimate mechanisms of sleep and epileptogenesis. Sleep impacts the epileptiform activity, with an increase in epileptiform discharge during NREM and a decrease during REM phases. Sleep deprivation may complicate the course of epilepsy, while epileptic attacks may change the sleep structure and quality. Anti-epileptic agents exert diverse effects on the sleep architectonics; they can induce sedation or increase alertness. Our potential to correct the results of the pathological interplay between sleep mechanisms and epilepsy are rather limited and are frequently overestimated by clinicians. Investigation of the interrelationship between epileptic seizures and sleep and the use of polysomnography can substantially add to the diagnosis of the epileptic syndrome and define the subsequent outcomes.

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Circadian regulation of sleep propensity, sleep structure and alertness: A symphony of paradoxes

Acta Neuropsychiatrica ◽

10.1017/s0924270800037467 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 24-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D.J. Dijk

Keyword(s):

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Circadian Regulation ◽

Circadian Pacemaker ◽

Sleep Structure ◽

Adult Human ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

History Of ◽

Sleep Propensity

The adult human typically exhibits a monophasic sleep-wake cycle, i.e., remains awake and alert for approximately 16 hours and then sleeps for 8 hours. Recent experiments have provided new insights in the role of the endogenous circadian pacemaker in this consolidation of sleep and wakefulness.Sleep deprivation studies had shown previously that sleepiness and alertness are co-determined by a process which keeps track of the history of sleep and wakefulness and the circadian pacemaker, which keeps track of time. During every day life and during sleep deprivation both processes change simultaneously and their relative contribution to alertness and sleep propensity cannot be assessed under these conditions.

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Structure-function relationships of cytochrome by the genetic approach: Intragenic revertants derived from frameshift mutations in the apocytochrome gene

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics ◽

10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80008-8 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 1101 (2) ◽

pp. 157-161

Author(s):

A COLSON ◽

B EDDERKAOUI ◽

J COPPEE

Keyword(s):

Structure Function ◽

Genetic Approach ◽

Frameshift Mutations

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Caffeine and Placebo Expectation

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803.21.2.91 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 91-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Yunfeng Sun ◽

Yinling Zhang ◽

Ning He ◽

Xufeng Liu ◽

Danmin Miao

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Sleep Deprivation ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Cognitive Functions ◽

Cardiovascular Regulation ◽

Double Blind ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Pressure Tests ◽

Healthy Males

Abstract. Caffeine placebo expectation seems to improve vigilance and cognitive performance. This study investigated the effect of caffeine and placebo expectation on vigilance and cognitive performance during 28 h sleep deprivation. Ten healthy males volunteered to take part in the double-blind, cross-over study, which required participants to complete five treatment periods of 28 h separated by 1-week wash-out intervals. The treatments were no substance (Control); caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 (C200); placebo 200 mg at 00:00 (P200); twice caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 and 04:00 (C200-C200); caffeine 200 mg at 00:00 and placebo 200 mg at 04:00 (C200-P200). Participants were told that all capsules were caffeine and given information about the effects of caffeine to increase expectation. Vigilance was assessed by a three-letter cancellation test, cognitive functions by the continuous addition test and Stroop test, and cardiovascular regulation by heart rate and blood pressure. Tests were performed bihourly from 00:00 to 10:00 of the second day. Results indicated that C200-P200 and C200-C200 were more alert (p < .05) than Control and P200. Their cognitive functions were higher (p < .05) than Control and P200. Also, C200-P200 scored higher than C200 in the letter cancellation task (p < .05). No test showed any significant differences between C200-P200 and C200-C200. The results demonstrated that the combination of caffeine 200 mg and placebo 200 mg expectation exerted prolonged positive effects on vigilance and cognitive performance.

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